This paper introduces information and communication technologies as an innovative approach to managing sustainable tourism development from a destination management perspective. Specific attention is focused on the how destination managers utilise the various forms of technology in addressing both the positive and negative impacts of tourism. Building on Hjalager's (1997) analytical typology for sustainable tourism innovation, this research aims to advance tourism innovation research and demonstrate new uses of technology and the wider applications for sustainable tourism. Using a thorough literature review and primary research with destination managers, a collection of technology based tools and their uses were examined for sustainable tourism development and how these tools can foster destination innovativeness.
KeywordsICT, information and communication technology, sustainable tourism, eTourism, innovation, destination management
IntroductionTourism's phenomenal, sustained growth rate makes it highly attractive as a means of economic development (Mihalic et al. 2012) and like most commercial activities, tourism has produced both beneficial and detrimental environmental and socio-cultural impacts, some of which may be irreversible. Balancing economic growth with protection of the environment is a challenge, which today faces most tourism professionals and the tourism industry is focusing on sustainable tourism development (ST) as a mechanism to try to achieve the aims of economic development whilst protecting, preserving and enhancing the environment (Swarbrooke 1999).Destinations are inevitably the areas where the main tourism impacts occur are felt most powerfully (Wall and Mathieson 2006) and there has been a general and growing concern on how destinations can develop in a sustainable manner (Dodds 2012). A plethora of ideas, techniques and philosophies have been developed to both explore and explain ST (Swarbrooke 1999). Some examples of these approaches include indicators, monitoring, eco-labelling, codes of conduct and alternative forms of tourism. However, many of these approaches have been documented as having a "lack of quality, technical content, reliability, maturity, equity and effectiveness" (Van Der Duim and Van Marwijk 2006: 449). Despite more than 40 years of tourism research focusing on ST and its implementation (Mihalic et al. 2012), the case is still considered theoretically weak (Moscardo 2008; Sharpley 2010). Pigram's (1990) and Liu's (2003) arguments that ST research has to progress beyond the formulation and discussion of the principles and assumptions to effective solutions is still at the crux of the debate today. Added to this, tourism businesses find it difficult to understand and apply sustainability practices (Mihalic et al. 2012) whilst Sharpley (2010) debates that the notion of sustainable tourism is indeed a myth which prevents ST from becoming a practical reality. Therefore challenges still exist to find viable ways of translating ST into practical actions for the tou...