Information and Processes Underlying Semantic and Episodic Memory Across Tasks, Items, and Individuals

Cox, Gregory E.; Criss, Amy H.; Aue, William Roger; Hemmer, Pernille

doi:10.31219/osf.io/es463

Cited by 5 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 92 publications

(109 reference statements)

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“…The most straightforward variable to analyze is word frequency, but the effects are likely to occur with any variable that affects how many resources are depleted in processing the preceding study items. Of the nine studies, five studies used word frequency as a factor (Healey & Kahana, 2016;Cox et al, 2018;Reder et al, 2002;Ward et al, 2003), two studies manipulated how many times a studied item had already been presented (Buchler et al, 2008;Aue et al, 2017) and two directed-forgetting studies that manipulated whether each item should be remembered or forgotten (Marevic et al, 2017;Popov et al, 2018).…”

Section: Analyses Of Preceding Item Strength: Novel Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We explored this question by reanalyzing data from Cox et al (2018), who asked participants to perform five different memory tasks all using the same stimuli: item recognition, associative recognition, cued recall, free recall and lexical decision. We focus on the first four tasks, because the lexical decision task did not involve study lists.…”

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The single recognition task is slightly different -while the episode node receives just as much activation during single recognition as it does during cued recall, responses in the single recognition task can be based on either the activation of the episode node (resulting in Remember responses in a Remember-know paradigm) or based on activation of the semantic node of the cue (resulting in Know responses; see for greater detail). Since Cox et al (2018) used an old-new instead of a remember-know paradigm, we assume both nodes' activations contribute the Hit rate (please cite here the Diana et al PBR paper on Dual Process Models of Recognition). Figure 29 and Figure 30 show the fits to the preceding item frequency effects.…”

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 30 shows that the model also captures the fact that the effects due to preceding items decrease with lag between the target and the relevant preceding item, providing further support for the current theory. Cox et al (2018) and SAC model fit -Accuracy (hit rate for recognition tasks or probability of recall for recall tasks) over all tasks depending on the frequency of the items that preceded the current item during study and their lag (e.g., how many trials earlier they occurred). Left -empirical data; Right -simulated data from the SAC model.…”

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since participants studied word pairs in Cox et al (2018), the preceding item frequency was calculated as the average frequency of the two words. To replicate the continuous effect that we found in Cox et al (2018), we also reanalyzed data from the Penn Electrophysiology of Encoding and Retrieval Study (PEERS), a large-scale multi-session experiment on free recall in which participants studied words presented one at a time (Healey & Kahana, 2016;Lohnas & Kahana, 2013).…”

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

Popov¹,

Reder²

2018

Preprint

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We present a review of frequency effects in memory, accompanied by a theory of memory, according to which the storage of new information in long-term memory (LTM) depletes a limited pool of working memory (WM) resources as an inverse function of item strength. We support the theory by showing that items with stronger representations in LTM (e.g. high frequency items) are easier to store, bind to context, and bind to one another; that WM resources are involved in storage and retrieval from LTM; that WM capacity is greater for stronger, more familiar stimuli. We present a novel analysis of preceding item strength, in which we show from eight existing studies that memory for an item is higher if during study it was preceded by a stronger item (e.g. a high frequency word; HF). This effect is cumulative (the more prior items are HF, the better), continuous (memory proportional to word frequency of preceding item), interacts with current item strength (larger for weaker items) and interacts with lag (decreases as the lag between the current and prior study item increases). A computational model that implements the theory is presented, which accounts for these effects. We discuss related phenomena that the model/theory can explain.

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Section: Analyses Of Preceding Item Strength: Novel Predictionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cox Et Al (2018) and Peers -Continuous Frequency Effect Of Fmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

Popov¹,

Reder²

2018

Preprint

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Global semantic similarity effects in recognition memory: Insights from BEAGLE representations and the diffusion decision model

Osth

Shabahang

Mewhort

et al. 2020

Journal of Memory and Language

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We would like to thank Amy Criss and Asli Kiliç for generously sharing their data and Brendan Johns for providing the datasets of similarity and relatedness judgments. This work was supported by an ARC Discovery Early Career Research Award (DE170100106) awarded to Adam Osth. BEAGLE vectors, datasets, and model code can be found on https://osf.io/gtdqf/ GLOBAL SEMANTIC SIMILARITY EFFECTS 2 AbstractRecognition memory models posit that false alarm rates increase as the global similarity between the probe cue and the contents of memory is increased. Global similarity predictions have been commonly tested using category length designs where it has been found that false alarm rates increase as the number of studied items from a common category is increased. In this work, we explored global similarity predictions within unstructured lists of words using representations from the BEAGLE model (Jones & Mewhort, 2007). BEAGLE differs from traditional semantic space models in that it contains two types of representations: item vectors, which encode unordered co-occurrence, and order vectors, in which words are similar to the extent to which they are share neighboring words in the same relative positions. Global similarity among item and order vectors was regressed onto drift rates in the diffusion decision model (DDM: Ratcliff, 1978), which unifies both response times and accuracy. We implemented this model in a hierarchical Bayesian framework across seven datasets with lists composed of unrelated words. Results indicated clear deficits due to global similarity among item vectors, but only a minimal impact of global similarity among the order vectors.

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Semantic influences on episodic memory distortions.

Tompary¹,

Thompson-Schill²

2021

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Prior knowledge can facilitate or distort new episodic memories, depending on their 2 alignment. However, it remains unclear how the structure of semantic memory explains 3 systematic variation in how new memories are formed and retrieved. We aimed to 4 quantify distortions in memory by examining how category membership and typicality 5 bias new memories. Across four experiments, participants encoded and retrieved 6 image-location associations. Most members of a category (e.g. birds) were located near 7 each other, such that participants could learn locations of categories as they encoded 8 specific image locations. Critically, some typical and atypical category members were in 9 random locations. We decomposed location memory into two measures: error, a measure of episodic specificity, and bias towards other category members, a measure of the influence of prior knowledge. First, we found that location memory was more accurate for images that were spatially consistent with their category membership.Second, when images were spatially inconsistent, retrieval of typical category members was more biased towards other category members relative to atypical ones. These effects replicated across three experiments, disappeared when images were not arranged by category, and were stronger than effects observed with images arranged by visual similarity rather than category membership. Our observations provide compelling evidence that memory is a reconstruction of multiple sources of information, integrating memory for specific events with relevant semantic knowledge. Furthermore, systematic differences in the magnitude of this integration suggest that the organization of semantic memory can govern the extent of distortion in new episodic memories.

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Information and Processes Underlying Semantic and Episodic Memory Across Tasks, Items, and Individuals

Cited by 5 publications

References 92 publications

Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

Frequency Effects on Memory: A Resource-Limited Theory

Global semantic similarity effects in recognition memory: Insights from BEAGLE representations and the diffusion decision model

Semantic influences on episodic memory distortions.

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