Information from folds: A review

Hudleston, Peter J.; Treagus, Susan H.

doi:10.1016/j.jsg.2010.08.011

Cited by 186 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 182 publications

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“…Biot et al, 1961;Mancktelow and Abbassi, 1992;Schmalholz, 2006). The further development of fold geometries and the "selection" and "locking" of a fold wavelength have been discussed and analysed in a number of studies (Sherwin and Chapple, 1968;Fletcher, 1974;Fletcher and Sherwin, 1978;Hudleston and Treagus, 2010). However, a detailed discussion of their results is beyond the scope of this review.…”

Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Schmalholz

Mancktelow

2016

Solid Earth

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Abstract. The shortening and extension of mechanically layered ductile rock generates folds and pinch-and-swell structures (also referred to as necks or continuous boudins), which result from mechanical instabilities termed folding and necking, respectively. Folding and necking are the preferred deformation modes in layered rock because the corresponding mechanical work involved is less than that associated with a homogeneous deformation. The effective viscosity of a layered rock decreases during folding and necking, even when all material parameters remain constant. This mechanical softening due to viscosity decrease is solely the result of fold and pinch-and-swell structure development and is hence termed structural softening (or geometric weakening). Folding and necking occur over the whole range of geological scales, from microscopic up to the size of lithospheric plates. Lithospheric folding and necking are evidence for significant deformation of continental plates, which contradicts the rigid-plate paradigm of plate tectonics. We review here some theoretical and experimental results on folding and necking, including the lithospheric scale, together with a short historical overview of research on folding and necking. We focus on theoretical studies and analytical solutions that provide the best insight into the fundamental parameters controlling folding and necking, although they invariably involve simplifications. To first order, the two essential parameters to quantify folding and necking are the dominant wavelength and the corresponding maximal amplification rate. This review also includes a short overview of experimental studies, a discussion of recent developments involving mainly numerical models, a presentation of some practical applications of theoretical results, and a summary of similarities and differences between folding and necking.

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Section: Single-layer Foldingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…We present here only a small selection of studies and results. Further information on the mechanics of folding and necking in rock can be found in textbooks (Price and Cosgrove, 1990;Johnson and Fletcher, 1994;Pollard and Fletcher, 2005) and in other review articles (Hudleston and Treagus, 2010;Cloetingh and Burov, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Schmalholz

Mancktelow

2016

Solid Earth

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“…The solution (33) implies that this happens when the amplitude of the harmonic mode, cos x, is large enough (in modulus): Àc 2 $ 5/8. Returning to the original variables (31) and calling A the amplitude of the harmonic mode, the period-doubling instability appears thus when A reaches the critical value…”

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confidence: 99%

Wrinkle to fold transition: influence of the substrate response

et al. 2013

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Spatially confined rigid membranes reorganize their morphology in response to imposed constraints. Slight compression of a rigid membrane resting on a soft foundation creates a regular pattern of sinusoidal wrinkles with a broad spatial distribution of energy. For larger compression, the deformation energy is progressively localized in small regions which ultimately develop sharp folds. We review the influence of the substrate on this wrinkle to fold transition by considering two models based on purely viscous and purely elastic foundations. We analyze and contrast the physics and mathematics of both systems.

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“…These lateral changes in the multilayer configuration would have significantly influenced the fold characteristics (Muhlhaus et al, 1998;Fischer and Jackson 1999;Frehner and Schmalholz 2006;Tavani et al, 2008;Treagus and Fletcher 2009). Firstly, the higher fissility and intensity of 25 shaly fabric development at Nkana Central and South increases the degree of anisotropy in the multilayer sequence, thereby causing more rapid growth of the fold amplitudes (Price and Cosgrove 1990;Hudleston and Treagus 2010;Hobbs et al, 2011) compared to folds in the argillaceous dolomite lithofacies. Secondly, the amplitudes of parasitic folds steadily decrease from Solid Earth Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/se-2018-6 Manuscript under review for journal Solid Earth Discussion started: 6 February 2018 c Author(s) 2018.…”

Section: Factors Influencing Fold Geometriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More specifically, the NE-SW alignment in culminations and depressions in NW-SE trending fold hinges was often interpreted as the syntax of early NE and late NW directions of folding, attributed to a D3 Chilatembo deformation phase, either late in or posterior to the 10 Lufilian orogeny (Kampunzu and Cailteux 1999;Kampunzu et al, 2009;Kipata et al, 2013). These interpretations must be reassessed, considering newly developed insights into the nature of progressive deformation and fold development (Fletcher 1995;Hudleston and Treagus 2010;Hobbs and Ord 2012;Schmalholz and Schmid 2012) showing that multiple dominant wavelengths and fold hinge line orientations can easily be developed in a progressive folding history (Muhlhaus et al, 1998;Schmid et al, 2008;Hobbs et al, 2011;Grasemann and Schmalholz 2012). 15…”

Section: Factors Influencing Fold Geometriesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-cylindrical parasitic folding and strain partitioning during the Pan-African Lufilian orogeny in the Chambishi-Nkana Basin, Central African Copperbelt

Torremans¹,

Muchez²,

Sintubin³

2018

Preprint

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Abstract.A structural analysis has been carried out along the southeast margin of the Chambishi-Nkana Basin in the Central African Copperbelt, hosting the world-class Cu-Co Nkana orebody. The geometrically complex structural architecture is interpreted to have been generated during a single NE-SW oriented compressional event, clearly linked to the Pan-African Lufilian orogeny. This progressive deformation resulted primarily in asymmetric multiscale parasitic fold assemblages, 5 characterized by non-cylindrical NW-SE elongated, periclinal folds that strongly interfere laterally, leading to fold linkage and bifurcation. The vergence and amplitude of these folds consistently reflect their position along an inclined limb of a NW plunging megascale first-order fold. A clear relation is observed between development of parasitic folds and certain lithofacies assemblages in the Copperbelt Orebody Member, which hosts most of the ore. Differences in fold amplitude, wavelength and shape are explained by changes in mechanical stratigraphy caused by lateral lithofacies variation in ore-bearing horizons. In 10 addition, strong differences in strain partitioning occur within the deforming basin, which is interpreted to be in part controlled by changes in mechanical anisotropy in the layered rock package. This work provides an essential backdrop to understand the influence of the Lufilian orogeny on metal mineralization and (re−)mobilization in the Copperbelt.

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Information from folds: A review

Cited by 186 publications

References 182 publications

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Folding and necking across the scales: a review of theoretical and experimental results and their applications

Wrinkle to fold transition: influence of the substrate response

Non-cylindrical parasitic folding and strain partitioning during the Pan-African Lufilian orogeny in the Chambishi-Nkana Basin, Central African Copperbelt

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