“…Finally, the autonomous model presents courses, which are independently taught. While some scholars tend to see information literacy in a more integrated perspective (Pritchard, 2010;Shanahan, 2007;Wang, 2011), others appear to understand information literacy from a more proficiency-based perspective (ACRL, 2000;Bent & Stubbings, 2011;Chen & Lin, 2011;P. Keleher, J. Keleher, & Simon, K., 2011).…”