This paper presents a preliminary hierarchical network model based on an analysis of the interaction of relationships between operating safety factors of high-speed rail (HSR). The model is based on the characteristics and factors specific to HSR operation and aims to provide a new theory and method for assessing the safety of HSR operation with the use of the relationship analysis methods of a hierarchical network model. A comprehensive theory of safety assessment in HSR operations is necessary for HSR designers and operators to consider rail safety pro-actively rather than passively. The development and the application of such a broad-ranging safety assessment theory for HSR operation could help to guarantee efficient HSR operation by protecting the safety of passengers, reducing losses, maintaining social stability, and improving economic efficiency.