Information versus adverse Anlegerbeeinflussung: Befund und Implikationen der empirischen Rechnungswesenforschung zur Publizität von Pro-forma-Ergebnisgrößen

Hitz, Jörg Markus

doi:10.1007/s11301-010-0059-5

Cited by 9 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…There is no universal and conclusive definition of APMs, but usually the voluntary nature of their disclosure is used to distinguish APMs from GAAP measures (Aubert and Grudnitski 2014 ; Hitz 2010 a). This differentiation of APMs from statutory accounting is expressed in their characterisation as so-called ‘non-GAAP’ (financial) information (U.S. Congress 2002 ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2003 ; Schiff and Schiff 2003 ). In addition, cash-effectiveness is sometimes used as a criterion to adjust GAAP earnings for non-cash transactions (Hitz 2010 a; Entwistle et al. 2006 b; Mulford and Comiskey 2005 ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“… 2007 ). For this reason, following Hitz ( 2010 a), a distinction is made in the following between APMs in the narrow sense and APMs in the broader sense. 6 APMs in the narrow sense are performance measures which adjust GAAP earnings for specific earnings components based on management’s subjective assessments, sometimes without following a standardised calculation scheme (Hitz 2010 a; similarly Sellhorn et al.…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…APMs in the broader sense also include EB measures which systematically adjust GAAP earnings for interest expenses or income ( i ), taxes ( t ), depreciation ( d ) and/or amortisation ( a ) (Hitz 2010 a; Sellhorn et al. 2014 ; Hummel and Beeler 2013 ).…”

Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…First, to the best of our knowledge, we analyse the most comprehensive and recent sample of APM research papers, covering more than 400 articles. 3 When analysing our sample, a particular focus is on reviewing the recent developments in more than 250 articles since the publication of the (traditional authorship) literature review by Hitz ( 2010 a). Based on our comprehensive sample, we provide a thorough analysis of APM research and reveal how the literature on APMs has evolved in more than two decades since the late 1990s.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 4 more Smart Citations

Alternative Performance Measures: A Structured Literature Review of Research in Academic and Professional Journals

Herr

Lorson

Pilhofer

2022

Schmalenbach J Bus Res

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For more than two decades, the reporting of so-called ‘alternative performance measures’ (APMs) has been a common phenomenon in external financial reporting. APMs are voluntarily disclosed and generally unaudited performance measures. Typically, APMs modify earnings measures calculated in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) by (subjectively) adjusting certain earnings components. In the academic literature, with the information motive on the one hand and the motive of (adversarial) investor influence on the other hand, two alternative explanations for the voluntary reporting of alternative performance measures are discussed, which are difficult, if not impossible, for external stakeholders to disentangle. Taking into account the recent developments in more than 250 published articles in the last decade, this paper critically reviews a wide range of literature from the United States (U.S.), Europe and, to a less extent, Australia/Asia. In particular, we analyse a comprehensive sample of more than 400 research papers published in academic and professional journals as well as other publications which are important in the academic discourse. The purpose of this paper is to identify relevant research gaps that provide starting points for future research. For this purpose, our methodological approach strictly follows structured literature review (SLR) methodology in order to minimise researcher idiosyncrasies. Thus, our SLR facilitates a decided derivation of research gaps based on a reliable and valid analytical framework which has been deductively derived from previous research.

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Section: Theoretical Backgroundmentioning

confidence: 99%