Informing Stewardship Measures in Canadian Food Animal Species through Integrated Reporting of Antimicrobial Use and Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance Data—Part I, Methodology Development

Abstract

This study explores methodologies for the data integration of antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) results within and across three food animal species, surveyed at the farm-level by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS). The approach builds upon existing CIPARS methodology and principles from other AMU and AMR surveillance systems. Species level data integration involved: (1) standard CIPARS descriptive and temporal analysis of AMU/AMR, (2) synthesis of results, (3) selection of AMU and AMR outcomes for integration, (4) selection of candidate AMU indicators to enable comparisons of AMU levels between species and simultaneous assessment of AMU and AMR trends, (5) exploration of analytic options for studying associations between AMU and AMR, and (6) interpretation and visualization. The multi-species integration was also completed using the above approach. In addition, summarized reporting of internationally-recognized indicators of AMR (i.e., AMR adjusted for animal biomass) and AMU (mg/population correction unit, mg/kg animal biomass) is explored. It is envisaged that this approach for species and multi-species AMU–AMR data integration will be applied to the annual CIPARS farm-level data and progressively developed over time to inform AMU–AMR integrated surveillance best practices for further enhancement of AMU stewardship actions.

Assessing antimicrobial resistance in Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli and its association with antimicrobial use in Canadian turkey flocks

“…A detailed description of the surveillance framework, and sampling plan of turkey flocks, including faecal sample and flock selection criteria, along with laboratory procedures is available in Supplementary Figure S1 and Supplementary Table S1. This information is also available from previous studies [22,23].…”

Associations between antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolates and antimicrobial use in Canadian turkey flocks

“…The CIPARS farm AMU questionnaire (Supplement in Reference #7) generates highresolution AMU data comprised of flock-level demographics to derive various input parameters for the count-, weight-and dose-based AMU indicators, AMU by route of administration, and syndromic/animal health information. For our study, the AMU measurement chosen was the exploratory indicator, Frontiers in Microbiology 03 frontiersin.org Shrestha et al 10.3389/fmicb.2022.954123 the number of defined daily doses using Canadian standards (nDDDvetCA)/1,000 kg-animal days at risk (Agunos et al, 2021a), which was calculated using the following formula nDDDvetCA/1000 kg animal days at risk = total antimicrobials (mg)/DDD mg/kg/day total no. of turkeys x kg animal biomass x days at risk ×1000 .…”

Canadian Collaboration to Identify a Minimum Dataset for Antimicrobial Use Surveillance for Policy and Intervention Development across Food Animal Sectors

“…As shown in Figure 3 , the MSD-AMU-surv core data elements enable the derivation of metrics for the reporting of some commonly used AMU indicators, including those that are count-based, weight-based, and dose-based, which have already been used in existing AMU surveillance systems in Canada [ 9 ] and elsewhere [ 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 , 29 ]. Figure 4 shows an example where complementary AMU surveillance components such as the CIPARS VASR and CIPARS Farm AMU Surveillance and other systems utilize the MDS-AMU-surv data elements for informing national AMU stewardship and a more complete picture of the status of AMU in the animal sector in Canada.…”