Infra-Red Thermometry in the Diagnosis of Breast Disease

Williams, K. Lloyd; Williams, F.J. Lloyd; Handley, R. S.

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(61)91198-9

Cited by 105 publications

(39 citation statements)

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“…3 shows the thermal differences in 100 consecutive patients presenting with a lump in one breast when the temperature of the skin overlying the mass was compared with the temperature of an exactly symmetrical area of skin in the opposite breast. These measurements were all made with the Schwarz thermopile and the results compare closely with those of Lloyd Williams et al (1961).…”

Section: Thermal Differencesmentioning

confidence: 72%

“…Lloyd Williams et al (1961) repeated Lawson's observations on a series of 100 women with a lump in one breast. They found that 54 out of 57 carcinomas were associated with a temperature elevation of over 1°C.…”

Section: Infra-red In the Diagnosis Ofmentioning

confidence: 90%

“…(c) The convection factor of cutaneous blood flow. Thus it has been shown (Lloyd Williams et al, 1961) that if the skin surface temperature is raised by increasing the ambient temperature, thereby creating a degree of vasodilation, thermal gradients which existed at a lower ambient may be abolished. Conversely, lowering the ambient temperature, and thereby reducing cutaneous vascular convection through vasoconstriction, will augment these thermal gradients at skin level.…”

Section: The Factor Of Enmissivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infra-red in the diagnosis of a lump in the breast.

Harris¹,

Greening²,

Aichroth³

1966

Br J Cancer

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ANY system of diagnosis depends upon the detection, measurement and assimilation of properties which are characteristic of the pathological process involved. These may be either physical, chemical or biological. Attention has been drawn, recently, to the finding that malignant tumours in the breast are hotter than benign tumours, and it has been suggested that this difference may be sufficiently characteristic to permit a pre-operative diagnosis. The accurate detection and mensuration of this temperature elevation is therefore fundamental if such a criterion is to be used in diagnosis.As it is impractical, and virtually impossible, to obtain an accurate assessment of thermal conditions at tumour level, the thermal conditions at the skin surface overlying the tumour have been used with the contralateral uninvolved breast as a comparative control.To measure the thermal gradients at the skin surface one may either use heat conducted to the instrument as with a thermocouple, or heat radiated to the instrument. The latter method depends upon the Stephan-Boltzman law which states that the quantity of infra-red emitted by a surface varies directly with the fourth power of its temperature in degrees Absolute and the emissivity of the surface. A full account of the physics involved in infra-red thermometry is given by Barnes (1964). Such infra-red thermometers may be either hand held whereby a small area of temperature is measured, or incorporated into an optical scanning system whereby the thermal contours of a large surface area are measured. Such measurements are usually recorded in the form of a grey scale, and if this is calibrated by including a series of black bodies of known temperature with the scan, the temperature of any spot on the recording or thermograph can be interpreted by measuring the greyness with a densitometer.Lawson (1957) was the first to detect an elevated skin temperature overlying a malignant tumour in the breast when compared to a symmetrically identical area in the opposite breast. He did not find such an elevation if the tumour were benign.Lloyd Williams et al. (1961) repeated Lawson's observations on a series of 100 women with a lump in one breast. They found that 54 out of 57 carcinomas were associated with a temperature elevation of over 1°C. and 23 out of 24 cysts and adenomas were associated with a thermal difference of less than 1°C. They used a hand held infra-red detector, the Schwarz thermopile and a comparative assessment of the thermal contours of the skin between right and left breasts required the charting of a series of individual measurements on a proforma. By using such * Present address: Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda.

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Section: Thermal Differencesmentioning

confidence: 72%

Section: Infra-red In the Diagnosis Ofmentioning

confidence: 90%

Section: The Factor Of Enmissivitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Infra-red in the diagnosis of a lump in the breast.

Harris¹,

Greening²,

Aichroth³

1966

Br J Cancer

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“…These procedures are collectively referred to as thermography. Infrared thermography has been used for some time in the detection and assessment of such conditions as skin burns and frostbite (Barnes, 1963;HochLigetti, 1959;Lawson, Wlodek, & Webster, 1961;Lloyd-Williams, Lloyd-Williams, & Handley, 1961 (Lawson, 1957;LloydWilliams, Lloyd-Williams, & Handley, 1960) which indicated that in the case of malignant tumors, the overlying skin appeared to be hot--while in the case of cysts, the skin temperature appeared to be cooler. It has been found that the temperature rise due to malignancy is variable, but ranges from 2 to 30 C (Lawson, Saunders, & Cowen, 1956;Lloyd-Williams, et al, 1960).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Biofeedback and Control of Skin Cell Proliferation in Psoriasis

Benoit¹,

Harrell

1980

Psychol Rep

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The present study was designed to determine the effect of skin-temperature-biofeedback training on cellular proliferation in three psoriasis patients. It was hypothesized that (a) psoriasis patients would be able to consciously decrease skin temperature of psoriatic tissue, and (b) there would be a positive correlation between rate of cellular proliferation and temperature change.Results obtained indicated biofeedback training to be effective in decreasing the surface temperature of psoriatic tissue.A 2 X 7 analysis of variance for two repeated measures indicated the change in skin temperatures as a function of sample period to be significant, F (6,26) = 3.29, p < .02.Generalization of temperature-training effects from the biofeedback to the no-feedback condition were observed. Rate of proliferation decreased from pretraining to posttraining biopsies.

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“…We recapitulate Keyserlink et al [18] review of IR breast imaging. In 1961 Williams and Handley [1], using a rudimentary handheld thermopile, reported that 54 out of 57 of their breast cancer patients were detectable by IR imaging, and "among these were cases in which the clinical diagnosis was in much doubt". In 1962, Handley [2] demonstrated a close correlation between the increased thermal pattern and increased recurrence rate.…”

Section: Iintroductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Early tumor detection by multiple infrared unsupervised neural nets fusion

Szu

Kopriva

Hoekstra³

et al.

Proceedings of the 25th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (IEEE Cat. No.0

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Abstract-The unsupervised classification algorithm called Lagrange Constraint Neural Network (LCNN) has been successfully applied to the sub-pixel multi-spectral remote sensing, [25]. Here, we apply the LCNN to the early breast cancer detection using two-color mid and long infrared images of the breast. This could be a new paradigm shift that enabled smart neural network algorithm to sort out the underlying malignant heat sources for physician diagnoses. The non-intrusive 2-color passive infrared imaging that could be repeated for record track with no radiation hazard seems to be alternative paradigm shift for the first-line screening against breast cancer. The sub-pixel super-resolution capability of the remote sensing is equivalent to the submilimeter scaling of the close-up breast imaging for the vascular and the angiogenesis effects. We demonstrate the potential benefit of the multi-color mid & long infrared imaging capable for detecting the abnormal under-skin thermal textures as well as stage-zero detection of the ductal carcinoma in situ. I.INTRODUCTIONEarly detection of the breast cancer should result in the increased survival probability. Decades data seemed to breed statistical controversial of the X-ray mammogram [19]. On the other hand, the cost-effective thermal infrared imaging in single spectral band has been routinely applied [21,22] and established screening tool in breast cancer [20] in developed countries in Europe as well as in developing countries in Asia due to the fear of the X-ray radiation hazard. In this paper, we applied brain-like smart neural network algorithm that demanded an eye-like pair of IR sensors. To promote both convenient and effective diagnoses, we recommend application of the smart subpixel super-resolution multiple spectral remote sensing algorithm called Lagrange Constraint neural Network (LCNN) [23][24][25] [18], the acceptance of passive IR imaging in the US was not comparable with the active Xray mammography. This was surprising from the current consensus standpoint regarding vascular-related tumor initiation and growth that provided a plausible explanation for the IR finding. In 1993, Head and Elliott [12] improved images of the high resolution second-generation IR systems provided objective and quantitative analysis, and reported that the growth-rate-related prognostic indicators were strongly associated with the IR results [13]. In 1996, Gamagami [14] studied angiogenesis by IR imaging and reported that hypervascularity and hyperthermia could be shown in 86% of non-palpable breast cancers. He also noted that in 15% of these cases, this technique helped to detect cancers that were not visible through mammography. The concept of angiogenesis, suggested by Gamagami as an integral part of early breast cancer, was reiterated in 1996 by Guido and Schnitt [15], whose observations suggested that angiogenesis is an early event in the development of breast cancer. They noted that it might occur before tumor cells acquired the ability to invade the surrounding stoma and even...

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Infra-Red Thermometry in the Diagnosis of Breast Disease

Cited by 105 publications

References 1 publication

Infra-red in the diagnosis of a lump in the breast.

Infra-red in the diagnosis of a lump in the breast.

Biofeedback and Control of Skin Cell Proliferation in Psoriasis

Early tumor detection by multiple infrared unsupervised neural nets fusion

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