Infrared and Raman studies on renal stones: the use of second derivative infrared spectra

Abstract

Urolithiasis is a very frequent illness found in Argentina; however, stone analysis is not routinely performed. In this work, 86 renal calculi (from cities of Luján and San Antonio de Areco, State of Buenos Aires, Argentina) have been analyzed by infrared and Raman spectroscopies, and the results correlated with the main possible pathological conditions. Calcium oxalate monohydrate (whewellite) and mixtures of calcium oxalate monohydrate and carbonate apatite were the most frequent compounds found in our samples. In order to improve the identification of different phases present in calculi [particularly whewellite and weddellite (calcium oxalate dihydrate)], the second derivative spectra were used. The FTIR spectroscopy together with the second derivative analysis provides the urologist with a good method for calculi component determinations.

Infrared microspectroscopic imaging as a probing tool to fast distinguish chemical compositions in calcified deposits of prostatic calculi and calcific tendonitis

“…The C-O bending vibration (ν 2 ) at about 872 (871) cm −1 and the C-O stretching (ν 3 ) at around 1417 cm −1 were the characteristic bands of carbonate in HA, respectively [19,39]. The peak at 1320 cm −1 might be also due to the symmetric C=O stretch of oxalate [17]. From FT-IR spectra detected by single-point determination, it seems to be concluded that all the samples mainly consisted of HA (1417, 1095 (1098), 1031, 962 (961) and 871 (872) cm −1 ) and protein (1645 (1642) cm −1 ), but COM (1320 and 781 cm −1 ) was further contained in samples d-i.…”

“…The IR spectrum of HA indicates typical IR absorption peaks at 961, 1031 and 1092 cm −1 corresponding to the ν 1 and ν 3 stretching modes of phosphate [1,3,4,6-8, 11,16,23,27,28]. A strong peak at 1619 cm −1 (ν as (COO)), two moderate intensity sharp peaks at 1320 (ν s (COO)) and 780 cm −1 (δ(O-C=O) + ν(M-O)), and two weak peaks at 948 and 885 cm −1 (a combination modes of ν s (CO) and δ(O-C=O)) were observed in the IR spectrum of COM, but two strong IR peaks at 1627 and 1327 cm −1 with one weak peak at 781 cm −1 were characterized in the IR spectrum of COD [5,17,29]. …”

Renal Graft Fibrosis and Inflammation Quantification by an Automated Fourier–Transform Infrared Imaging Technique

“…This technique has proven effective to discriminate between tumor and normal tissues 14,15 and between benign and malignant lesions 14,16 and also, identify drug resistance in cancer. 17,18 Infrared spectroscopy has also been used to identify renal stones 19,20 and characterize renal tumor tissues. 21 Nonetheless, to the best of our knowledge, no study has been published to date showing the possible contribution of infrared imaging to the characterization of nontumor renal tissue, particularly in terms of IF and inflammation.…”

Boosted Decision Trees for Lithiasis Type Identification

“…Cystine and CA for type 5. C1 and Protein for type 6 [3,4]. However, these six types are not only composed of the quoted components but contain tens other components, with relatively low amounts, which make it possible to effectively distinguish the six types , which is not the case for the components present with large amounts (appendix 1).…”

“…1). Most studies [3] is based on the four most dominant urinary lithiasis types, namely types 1,2,3 and type 4, because 80% of the urinary lithiasis are part of these four types. In this work the six types of existing urinary lithiases , have been included in the classification, and which correspond respectively to the following etiologies: hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, Hyperuricosuria, urinary infections, Cystinuria, Proteinuria.…”