“…The proposed BSO-TS-RLS and BSO-MS-RLS algorithms for bilinear state-space systems in this paper can combine the iterative methods (Ding, Pan, Alsaedi, & Hayat, 2019;Xu, 2015Xu, , 2016Xu, Chen, & Xiong, 2015;Xu, Ding, & Zhu, 2019), the recursive methods (Xu & Ding, 2017a;Xu, Ding, Gu, Alsaedi, & Hayat, 2017;Xu, Xiong, Alsaedi, & Hayat, 2018;Zhang, Ding, Xu, Alsaedi, & Hayat, 2019;Zhang, Ding, Xu, & Yang, 2019) and the statistical tools (Tang et al, 2019;Xu, 2014Xu, , 2017 to study the parameter estimation of linear and nonlinear systems with coloured noise (Ding, Chen, Lin, & Wan, 2019) and can be applied to other fields (Cao, Wang, Liu, Li, & Xie, 2019;Liu et al, 2019;Yan & Li, 2019).…”