Infrared laser-induced decomposition of GAP

Haas, Yehuda; Eliahu, Yeshayahu Ben; Welner, Shmuel

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(94)90010-8

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…16.3% H 2 plus H atoms in the burnt gas region. As stated above, the atom balance H 2 result in Fig.…”

Section: Combustion Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Whereas the surface of HMX and especially RDX is liquid and bubbly at 0.1 MPa, the propellant surface is much less so. GAP decomposition is known to produce around 35 mol% N 2 [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19]. The extra gasification rate from the GAP acts to push the flame further away from the surface, causing higher flame standoffs for the propellant than for pure monopropellant.…”

Section: Rdx/gap/bttn Vs Hmx/gap/bttn Propellantmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A lot of experimental work has been done separately on RDX [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11], glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20], and HMX [5,8,[21][22][23][24][25]. Generally, it has been found that nitramines have two major initial decomposition pathways: one producing HCN and NO/NO 2 , and the other leading to H 2 CO and N 2 O. RDX tends to favor mostly the former, whereas HMX is found to include both paths.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/glycidyl azide polymer/butanetriol trinitrate propellant flame structure

Parr

Hanson‐Parr

2004

Combustion and Flame

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“…16.3% H 2 plus H atoms in the burnt gas region. As stated above, the atom balance H 2 result in Fig.…”

Section: Combustion Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Rdx/gap/bttn Vs Hmx/gap/bttn Propellantmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/glycidyl azide polymer/butanetriol trinitrate propellant flame structure

Parr

Hanson‐Parr

2004

Combustion and Flame

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“…The combustion and thermal decomposition characteristic and their kinetic parameters for cured and liear GAP were studied. The decompositon products of GAP were analysed by molcular beam mass-spectrometry (MBMS) 43 Kumar and Lee 44 , Has et al 40 , Tang et al 45 , studied the photodecompositon of GAP using laser irradiation. CO, C 2 H 2 and HCN were major decomposition products, while minor products were C 2 H 4 , CH 4 , NH 3 and CO 2 .…”

Section: Decomposition Of Gapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Untitled

2017

Org. Commun.

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:In preparation of energetic composite formulations, functionally terminated pre-polymers have been used as binder. After physically mixing the pre-polymers with oxidizing components, metallic fuel, burning rate modifier and other minor ingredients, they are cured with a suitable curing agent to provide physical and chemical stability. These pre-polymers could be functionalized with carboxyl, epoxide or hydroxyl groups at varying average chain functionalities. For carboxyl-terminated pre-polymers, an epoxy functional curing agents could be used. If the prepolymer possesses hydroxyl groups, isocyanate functional curing agents are the most suitable curing agents in terms of easy and efficient processing. Glycidyl azide polymer (GAP) is one of the well-known low-molecular weight energetic liquid pre-polymer, which was developed to use as energetic binder, high performance additive and gas generator for high performance smokeless composite propellant and explosive formulations. Linear or branched GAP can be synthesized by nucleophilic substitution reaction of corresponding poly(epichlorohydrin) (PECH) with sodium azide through replacement of chloromethyl groups of PECH with pendant energetic azido-methyl groups on the polyether main chain. Positive heat of formation (+957 kJ/kg) enables exothermic and rapid decomposition of GAP producing fuel rich gases. Its polyether main chain provides GAP with relatively low glass transition temperature o C) and presence of hydroxyl functional groups allows it to have easy processing in curing with isocyanate curing agents to form covalently crosslinked polyurethane structure. These outstanding properties of GAP enable it to be used as energetic polymeric binder and high performance additive in preparation of energetic materials and low vulnerable explosives.

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“…Some of the work focuses on propellants and pyrotechnics [24][25][26][27][28][29], while some of the other work looks at the response of primary explosives [30][31][32][33][34][35][36] and secondary materials [37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. Apart from the emphasis on differing behaviour under varying impulses, the materials and their chemical structure have been varied.…”

Section: Initiation By Direct Laser Irradiationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of Laser Initiation

Ahmad¹,

Cartwright²

2014

Laser Ignition of Energetic Materials

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The first experiments with laser initiation of energetic materials as an alternative to standard electrical initiation were performed in the early 1960s. This was a direct consequence of the success of laser beams in cutting through steel and other metal sheets by rapidly melting them. Most of the lasers used were in the red to infrared region, since it was thought that direct heating was the optimum method to achieve the rapid combustion needed for typical propellant ignition. Looking at the scattering of laser radiation in Raman spectrometry, the closer the radiation wavelength is to the molecular vibration frequencies, the stronger the inelastic scattering is, and the more energy is transferred to molecular vibrations; the criteria for an increase in temperature leading to ignition.Later work used lasers to initiate secondary high explosives directly, thus eliminating the need for highly sensitive primary explosives. The experimental arrangement for this study is shown in Figure 2.1. Note the advantage of not having a very sensitive primary explosive, so that the chances of accidental initiation are very much reduced.Laser-initiated field guns started to be tested by the US army in the early 1990s, with the Nd/Glass laser operating at 1.05 μm being the one of choice because of its small dimensions, ruggedness, long life and low cost. The object of these preliminary trials was to initiate the gunpowder booster directly without using the standard, percussion-sensitive military M82 primer. This wavelength was also very adaptable, since it could be transmitted over considerable distances by high purity silica optical fibres, with very little loss due to radiation absorption. Simple use of splitter systems in the optical fibres enabled a number of initiation points to be simultaneously initiated, giving an optimized burn within a single propellant charge. Fibre optic transmission of the laser beam also enabled multiple charges to be initiated simultaneously from a single firing command. This latter has a distinct attraction for quarrying operations if delay detonators can be initiated.A number of prototype guns using laser initiation have been demonstrated in the early 21st century, but regular operation has not been implemented. The Crusader SPH XM2001Laser Ignition of Energetic Materials, First Edition. S Rafi Ahmad and Michael Cartwright.

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Infrared laser-induced decomposition of GAP

Cited by 32 publications

References 14 publications

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/glycidyl azide polymer/butanetriol trinitrate propellant flame structure

Cyclotetramethylene tetranitramine/glycidyl azide polymer/butanetriol trinitrate propellant flame structure

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Review of Laser Initiation

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