Infrared (MIR, NIR), Raman, and Other Spectroscopic Methods

Applicability of quinolizino-coumarins for monitoring free radical photopolymerization by fluorescence spectroscopy

“…Various methods have been applied for that purpose, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1 H NMR), gel permeation chromatography (GPC), photo-differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC), dielectric analysis (DEA), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), etc. [1,2]. Each of the methods has its limitations.…”

“…For example, the most popular, FTIR, is not applicable for compositions containing lightscattering fillers because it is a transmission method. 1 H NMR and GPC require dissolution of the sample in a solvent, which becomes impossible in the case of cross-linked polymers; therefore, these methods are adaptable for study of polymerizing systems only at low monomer conversions. DEA and DMA usually give a very complex nonlinear signal that is hard to interpret, while the interpretation is possible only within a relatively narrow conversion range.…”

Evaluation of conversion during the synthesis of aluminum (III) methacrylate-based copolymers using Raman spectroscopy and multivariate curve resolution

“…The real time measurements are classified, depending on the analyzer employed on the process, as: at-line, on-line, in-line invasive and inline non-invasive [24][25][26]. At-line measurements require reaction sampling, i.e.…”

In situ conversion monitoring of styrene emulsion polymerization by deconvolution of a single reference band near 1,000 cm−1

“…Spectroscopic techniques appeared particularly adapted for polymer processes and especially the Raman spectroscopy . Indeed, this fast and noninvasive technique was suitable for monitoring reaction progress, adapted to in situ measurements and provided a lot of information .…”

“…[5] Spectroscopic techniques appeared particularly adapted for polymer processes and especially the Raman spectroscopy. [6][7][8][9][10][11] Indeed, this fast and noninvasive technique was suitable for monitoring reaction progress, adapted to in situ measurements and provided a lot of information. [12,13] Raman spectroscopy was effective for monitoring monomer consumption for any kind of polymerization process.…”