Infrared Spectra and Radiation Stability of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> Ices Relevant to Europa

Hudson, R. L.; Moore, M. H.

doi:10.1089/ast.2006.6.483

Cited by 19 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…There have been studies on radiolysis of hydrogen peroxide in various concentrations of liquid water by ␥-rays, x-ray photons, and electrons, [12][13][14]28 in frozen H 2 O 2 :H 2 O mixtures 29 by UV photolysis and ion irradiation, 8 and in pure solid H 2 O 2 by ion irradiation. 1 The initial step of radiolytic decomposition is believed to be…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There has been a large time gap between the seminal works on solid hydrogen peroxide 5,6 and more recent ones, 1,[7][8][9][10] probably due to the fact that high concentrations of H 2 O 2 are currently not commercially available. Thus, to obtain pure H 2 O 2 or even high concentrations of H 2 O 2 , the sample has to be prepared from the more dilute solutions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Ion irradiation is of particular interest because its high linear energy transfer, as compared to the case of photolysis, [12][13][14] can have complex effects on the amount and type of radicals produced in the film. While previous ion irradiation studies have looked at destruction rates of hydrogen peroxide, 1,8 we are interested in learning if there is also a connection between ion-induced amorphization of crystalline H 2 O 2 and the radiolytic formation of new molecules. In the study reported below on the irradiation of crystalline H 2 O 2 at 80 K with 20 keV H + , we show how infrared spectroscopy is used to measure amorphization, the production of water, and the destruction of H 2 O 2 as a function of irradiation fluence ͑ions cm −2 ͒.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and chemical effects on crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons

Loeffler

Baragiola

2009

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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We present laboratory studies on radiation chemistry, sputtering, and amorphization of crystalline H(2)O(2) induced by 20 keV protons at 80 K. We used infrared spectroscopy to identify H(2)O, O(3), and possibly HO(3), measure the fluence dependence of the fraction of crystalline and amorphous H(2)O(2) and of the production of H(2)O and destruction of H(2)O(2). Furthermore, using complementary techniques, we observe that the sputtering yield depends on fluence due to the buildup of O(2) radiation products in the sample. In addition, we find that the effective cross sections for the destruction of hydrogen peroxide and the production of water are very high compared to radiation chemical processes in water even though the fluence dependence of amorphization is nearly the same for the two materials. This result is consistent with a model of fast cooling of a liquid track produced by each projectile ion rather than with the disorder produced by the formation of radiolytic products.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical and chemical effects on crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons

Loeffler

Baragiola

2009

The Journal of Chemical Physics

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“…To obtain a spectrum, we ratioed the reflectance from the ice‐coated substrate against the reflectance of the bare substrate, taken before ice formation, and converted the result to absorbance units. For additional experimental details see Hudson and Moore [2007].…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermally‐induced chemistry and the Jovian icy satellites: A laboratory study of the formation of sulfur oxyanions

Loeffler

Hudson

2010

Geophysical Research Letters

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[1] Laboratory experiments have demonstrated that magnetospheric radiation in the Jovian system drives reaction chemistry in ices at temperatures relevant to Europa and other icy satellites. Here we present new results on thermallyinduced reactions at 50-100 K in solid H 2 O-SO 2 mixtures, reactions that take place without the need for a high-radiation environment. We find that H 2 O and SO 2 react to produce sulfur oxyanions, such as bisulfite, that as much as 30% of the SO 2 can be consumed through this reaction, and that the products remain in the ice when the temperature is lowered, indicating that these reactions are irreversible. Our results suggest that thermally-induced reactions can alter the chemistry at temperatures relevant to the icy satellites in the Jovian system. Citation: Loeffler, M. J., and R. L. Hudson (2010), Thermally-induced chemistry and the Jovian icy satellites: A laboratory study of the formation of sulfur oxyanions, Geophys.

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“…The diurnally averaged H 2 O 2 photolysis rate, ignoring any reduction from the cage effect, is about 10 -6 s -1 when surface reflection is accounted for, giving a photodissociation lifetime of about 10 d. The cage effect (Franck and Rabinowitsch, 1934) can inhibit photodissociation rates by factors of 3 or more (Schriever et al, 1991). The halflife of H 2 O 2 in water ice under energetic proton irradiation is ~3 d in the top 100 µm (Hudson and Moore, 2006;see also Loeffler et al, 2006c). Thus, to first order we can ignore photodissociation and can consider only particle-induced production and destruction processes.…”

Section: Hydrogen Peroxidementioning

confidence: 96%

Europa’s Surface Composition

Carlson¹,

Calvin²,

Dalton³

et al.

Europa

111

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Europa is unique in the solar system, having a young, icy surface bombarded by high-energy radiation and possessing many possible sources of surface material. One possible source is Europa's putative subsurface ocean, from which material may be emplaced through cryovolcanic activity or effusive flows. Impact ejecta from Io and implantation of iogenic sulfur, oxygen, sodium, potassium, and chlorine ions on Europa's trailing hemisphere are likely sources, as well as direct meteoritic and cometary impacts and outer-satellite-derived impact ejecta that spiral toward Jupiter. While we cannot yet answer the central question of where the non-ice material on Europa's surface comes from, we can identify and quantify the species that are known or thought to be present: H 2 O, a hydrate, SO 2 , elemental sulfur, O 2 , H 2 O 2 , CO 2 , Na, and K. Europa, like many satellites, has a hemispherical dichotomy, in this case a reddish trailing hemisphere (in the sense of orbital motion) and a brighter, leading hemisphere. The purest H 2 O is found on the leading hemisphere while the trailing hemisphere contains the highest concentration of the next most prevalent species, a hydrated material of unknown composition. The H 2 O ice on the leading side is amorphous on the upper surface, with crystalline ice present at submillimeter depths. The trailing hemisphere contains ice plus a hydrated component that may be hydrated salts, derived from the ocean as brine, and/or hydrated sulfuric acid, the major equilibrium product from radiolysis of sulfurous material and H 2 O. The source of sulfurous material could be endogenic or from implantation of iogenic sulfur, or both. Sulfur dioxide and sulfur are thought to be present, mainly on the trailing hemisphere. This is consistent with ion implantation, but the sulfur distribution and that of the hydrate show correlations with geological features, so there must be some endogenic control of these constituents, either as a source or modification process. All the species in the ~1-m regolith are affected by radiation, but the archetypal radiolytic species, observed on both hemispheres, are molecular oxygen and hydrogen peroxide. These are certainly radiolytic products since continuous production is required, with O 2 being volatile and escaping easily, while H 2 O 2 is quickly destroyed by sunlight. Carbon dioxide is present and poses a mystery. It could be outgassing from the interior or a photolytic or radiolytic product of micrometeorite-derived carbonaceous material. Sodium and potassium atoms are found in the tenuous atmosphere and arise from sputtering of surface material. These atoms can be derived initially from the iogenic plasma and from endogenic salts, but the implantation flux rates are not known well enough to establish the source. *Average mass influx from Cooper et al. (2001). Relative composition from Anders and Grevasse (1989). † Sulfur flux value from Johnson et al. (2004) for trailing side apex and based on Bagenal (1994). No plasma deflection is included. ‡ Equatorial mass i...

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Infrared Spectra and Radiation Stability of H₂O₂ Ices Relevant to Europa

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Physical and chemical effects on crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons

Physical and chemical effects on crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons

Thermally‐induced chemistry and the Jovian icy satellites: A laboratory study of the formation of sulfur oxyanions

Europa’s Surface Composition

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Infrared Spectra and Radiation Stability of H2O2 Ices Relevant to Europa

Cited by 19 publications

References 20 publications

Physical and chemical effects on crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons

Physical and chemical effects on crystalline H2O2 induced by 20 keV protons

Thermally‐induced chemistry and the Jovian icy satellites: A laboratory study of the formation of sulfur oxyanions

Europa’s Surface Composition

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Infrared Spectra and Radiation Stability of H₂O₂ Ices Relevant to Europa