Hydrogen bonding represents a local interaction which determines the fluctuating structure of liquids forming extended molecular networks, e.g., water and alcohols, as well as macromolecular structure of biological relevance. Hydrogen bonds also play a key role in hydrogen and proton transfer processes in both electronic ground and excited states [1,2]. The structural dynamics of hydrogen bonds and proton transfer processes are determined by motions along nuclear coordinates which are characterized by vibrational periods in the femtosecond time domain. For instance, the period of an O-H stretching vibration is of the order of 10 fs whereas low-frequency modes of hydrogen bonds display periods of up to several hundred femtoseconds. In general, vibrational modes of hydrogen bonds show pronounced coupling to each other, resulting in a highly complex dynamics of structural changes.The dynamics of hydrogen bonded systems cover a wide range in time, from about 50 fs up to tens of picoseconds [2]. Linear vibrational spectroscopy, a standard tool of hydrogen bond research, provides the steady-state, i.e., time-averaged infrared and Raman spectra, giving very limited insight into the processes underlying such dynamics. In most cases, there is no quantitative understanding of vibrational line shapes and the different broadening mechanisms, in spite of extensive theoretical work on molecular potential energy surfaces and vibrational couplings. Much more infomation is available from studies of the nonlinear vibrational response in which the macroscopic vibrational polarization and/or changes in vibrational absorption display a higher order dependence on the amplitude of the radiation fields interacting with the sample. Nonlinear vibrational spectroscopy in the femtosecond time domain allows one to observe ultrafast hydrogen bond dynamics in real-time and to separate different microscopic couplings in the nonlinear response [3,4]. Quantum coherent vibrational dynamics of hydrogen bonds in liquids is a topic of substantial current interest [5] and both coherent nuclear motions, i.e., vibrational wavepackets, and processes of vibrational dephasing and relaxation have been studied recently by ultrafast pump-probe and Hydrogen-Transfer Reactions. Edited by