Infrared Spectrometric Analysis
of Endemic Bladder Stones in
Niger

Vanwaeyenbergh, J; Vergauwe, Donald; Verbeeck, Rmh

doi:10.1159/000475149

Cited by 22 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 11 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Several aspects of urolithiasis in Tunisian children are in agreement with data from other developing countries such as Turkey, India, Niger, Afghanistan, and Pakistan [3,5,7,10,15]. In our study, 24% of the stones were from the bladder.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…A number of papers have previously reported the high prevalence and particular patterns of stone disease among children in developing countries. These patterns include bladder location, high male preponderance, and frequency of ammonium hydrogen urate (AmUr) in stones [1,3,5,[7][8][9][10]. Local conditions in Tunisia, such as poverty, malnutrition, poor hygiene, and a high incidence of consanguinity play a major role in determining the profile of childhood urolithiasis.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Urolithiasis in Tunisian children: a study of 120 cases based on stone composition

Kamoun

Daudon

Abdelmoula

et al. 1999

Pediatric Nephrology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The composition of urinary stones in children depends on socioeconomic conditions and hygiene, geographical area, and dietary habits. We analyzed urinary stones from 120 consecutive Tunisian children (81 males, 39 females) aged 5 months to 15 years. The stone was located in the upper urinary tract in 91 cases (76%). Stone analysis included both a morphological examination and an infrared analysis of the nucleus and the inner and peripheral layers. The main components of bladder calculi were whewellite (69%) and struvite (22%), whereas the main component of upper urinary tract calculi was whewellite (67%). The nucleus of bladder stones was composed of ammonium urate (45%), struvite (28%), cystine (10%), and carbapatite (7%). The nucleus of kidney and ureteral calculi was mainly composed of ammonium urate (38%), whewellite (24%), carbapatite (13%), or struvite (11%). Based on stone composition, urinary tract infection was involved in the nucleation or growth of a third of calculi. Endemic urolithiasis involving simultaneous nutritional, metabolic, and infectious factors, and defined by its nucleus composed of ammonium urate without struvite, represented 40% of cases. Exclusive metabolic factors - including genetic diseases such as primary hyperoxaluria, cystinuria, and hypercalciuria - were responsible for less than 25% of cases.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urolithiasis in Tunisian children: a study of 120 cases based on stone composition

Kamoun

Daudon

Abdelmoula

et al. 1999

Pediatric Nephrology

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Although stone location in our patients was similar to that in studies performed in developed countries [5,7,13,15], studies in developing countries have revealed the predominance of endemic bladder calculi [4,17,18,19]; their occurrence is thought to be linked to malnutrition and sociocultural factors common in these regions [1,2,3,20]. The presence of multiple sites for stone location and/or multiple stones in children should arouse strong suspicion of metabolic disorders [17], this observation was supported by our results.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

“…A recent study from Armenia reported 9% of endemic bladder calculi [12]. Rates in the tropics are higher [4,16,19,18,20]. Their formation depends mainly on the composition of urine, which in turn reflects the type of diet consumed [6].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Etiological and clinical patterns of childhood urolithiasis in Iraq

Ali

Rifat

2005

Pediatr Nephrol

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

This study was conducted to evaluate the etiological and clinical characteristics of urolithiasis in Iraqi children. From 1999 to 2004, 204 children with renal calculi were evaluated. The age range of the patients was 4 months to 14 years, 61.3% of the patients were under 5 years. Male to female ratio was 2.8:1. The mean age at onset of symptoms was 3.2 years, and stone disease was diagnosed at a mean of 3.5 years. Hematuria (44.6%) and pain (28.4%) were the main clinical presentation. Of the 204 patients 45.1% had a family history of stones. Consanguinity was recorded in 72%; 75.5% had metabolic disorders. Stones were located at multiple sites in 80 patients, or 39.2%; 58 of these 80, or 72.5%, had metabolic disorders. Multiple stones were present in 47 (23%); 72.3% were related to metabolic disorders. In 126 patients, or 61.8%, both kidneys were involved equally. Bladder stones were found in 11.3%. Staghorn calculi occurred in 29 patients, or 14.2%; 27 of these had recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI). Nephrocalcinosis was diagnosed in 7, or 3.4%; all had metabolic disorders. Etiology of stone formation was established in 189 patients, or 92.6%, whereas 15, or 7.4%, had idiopathic stones. Metabolic disorders were the commonest cause in 106 patients (52%); 52 patients were classified as infective (25.5%). Anatomical defects were present in 25 (12.2%) and 6 children (2.9%) with primary endemic bladder calculi. Coexisting UTI was common (36.8%) in the metabolic group. We concluded that urolithiasis is a serious problem among Iraqi children, with early onset of presentation. Metabolic disorders were the major causes, but can be masked by associated UTI. Proper management of UTI with a careful metabolic assessment of young stone formers is valuable in combating urolithiasis.

show abstract

“…At the same time, in the developing countries, the occurrence of pediatric urolithiasis is 30% of all urinary tract stones [5], and the so-called endemic bladder stone is still common in the childhood [7]. In the developed countries, the main component of the rarely existing urinary bladder stones is struvite; at the same time, in the developing world, the main component is ammonium acid urate [8]. The pathogenesis and biochemical explanation of endemic stone formation remain unclear, but it seems that there is a correlation between stone formation and malnutrition, low animal protein intake, and vitamin A deficiency [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%