Infrared Surveys of Hawaiian Volcanoes

Abstract

Aerial infrared-sensor surveys of Kilauea volcano have depicted the areal extent and the relative intensity of abnormal thermal features in the caldera area of the volcano and along its associated rift zones. Many of these anomalies show correlation with visible steaming and reflect convective transfer of heat to the surface from subterranean sources. Structural details of the volcano, some not evident from surface observation, are also delineated by their thermal abnormalities. Several changes were observed in the patterns of infrared emission during the period of study; two such changes show correlation in location with subsequent eruptions, but the cause-and-effect relationship is uncertain. Thermal anomalies were also observed on the southwest flank of Mauna Loa; images of other volcanoes on the island of Hawaii, and of Haleakala on the island of Maui, revealed no thermal abnormalities. Approximately 25 large springs issuing into the ocean around the periphery of Hawaii have been detected. Infrared emission varies widely with surface texture and composition, suggesting that similar observations may have value for estimating surface conditions on the moon or planets.

An Overview of Infrared Remote Sensing of Volcanic Activity

“…Early infrared radiometer remote sensing surveys were airborne, as opposed to in Earth orbit, with [82] describing this application to Hawaiian volcanoes and producing more detailed and accurate thermal maps than had been possible from land-based observations alone. Later, [83,84] presented radiance maps and detailed how thermal emissions varied spatially at the new Icelandic volcanic islands of Surtsey and Jolnir.…”

Biology and the Exploration of Mars

“…For example, Fischer et al [1964] describe aerial mapping with infrared imaging radiometers of Hawaiian volcanoes. These volcanoes have since been observed by Nimbus radiometry.…”