Infrared thermography based studies on mobile phone induced heating

“…According to these studies, RF exposure has some effects on neurotransmitter activities, immune system, brain tumors, cell motivation rates, etc. [2,34]. Limited experimental studies have been reported to determine the real-time amount of temperature rise during the use of mobile telephones.…”

Section: Our Studymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the use of various wireless devices closer to the body, tissues absorb radiation from devices, and this radiation causes temperature rise. The interaction between tissues and wireless devices increases concerns about biological effects through increased use of wireless devices [1][2][3]. Especially for smart glasses, there have been technological advances and considerable studies in terms of their effects in recent years.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Effects of Tri-Band Antennas of Wearable Smart Glasses

Geyikoğlu¹,

Kaburcuk²,

Çavuşoğlu³

2019

PIER C

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The goal of this study is to analyze the effect of tri-band antennas in 2.45, 3.6, 3.8, 4.56, and 6 GHz frequencies, which cover Wi-Fi and some of the future 5G frequencies for wearable smart glasses applications. The latter 4 frequencies are studied for the first time for smart glasses. In order to provide a thorough analysis, first a simulation study for the head model with the proposed antennas is performed, then a realistic experiment by using a semi-liquid gel phantom head model with the infrared thermography method is conducted, and also 4 male subjects are included to analyze temperature rise effects on the skin. The phantom prepared for this study is also validated for its robustness and matching parameters. The SAR values and temperature rise due to the usage of smart glasses calculated by simulation modeling, bio-heat analytical solution, and infrared thermography technique are in good agreement. The temperature rise of the skin regions gets monotonically increased in the duration of usage. The simulations for all indicated frequencies are performed. Also, to provide comparable and practical results, the phantom study is compared with simulations for 2.45 GHz. According to the quantitative data obtained on the liquid-gel head phantom and on the subjects, the temperature increase is below 1 • C, and its compliance with safety standards is determined. The results show that tri-band antennas for these frequencies can be safely used; however, a limiting behavior for the power is necessary for lower frequencies due to the increasing SAR values and temperature rise.

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“…a. The use of negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistors (Tahvanainen et al, 2007) b. Infrared (IR) thermography for quantitative analysis of local heating in ears at two different specific absorption rate (SAR) (Kargel et al, 2005) c. IR thermography to measure thermal change in both contact and non-contact use of mobile phones (Lahiri et al, 2015) and d. IR thermography to isolate quantitatively the respective effects of radiative and battery heating of the anatomical part in contact that can accumulate to a pathological development over the years (Bauer et al, 2018).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal effects of mobile phones on human auricle region

Bauer

O’Mahony

Chovan

et al. 2019

Journal of Thermal Biology

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Mobile phones have become an indispensable utility to modern society, with international use increasing dramatically each year. The GSM signal operates at 900MHz, 1800MHz and 2250MHz, may potentially cause harm to human tissue. Yet there is no in silico model to aid design these devices to protect from causing potential thermal effect. Here we present a model of sources of heating in a mobile phone device with experimental verification during the phone call. We have developed this mobile phone thermal model using first principles on COMSOL® Multiphysics modelling platform to simulate heating effect in human auricle region due to mobile phone use. In particular, our model considered both radiative and non-radiative heating from components such as the lithium ion battery, CPU circuitry and the antenna. The model showed the distribution and effect of the heating effect due to mobile phone use and considered impact of battery discharge rate, battery capacity, battery cathode material, biological tissue distance, antenna radio-wave frequency and intensity. Furthermore, the lithium ion battery heating was validated during experiments using temperature sensors with an excellent agreement between simulated and experimental data (<1% variation). Mobile phone heating during a typical call has also been simulated and compared with experimental infrared thermographic imaging. Importantly, we found that 1800MHz frequency of data transmission showed the highest temperature increase in the fat/water phantom used in this simulation. We also successfully compared heating distribution in human auricle region during mobile phone use with clinical thermographic images with reasonable qualitative and quantitative agreements. In summary, our model provides a foundation to conceive thermal and other physical effects caused by mobile phone use and allow for the understanding of potential negative health effects thus supporting and promoting personalized and preventive medicine using thermography.

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Infrared thermography based studies on mobile phone induced heating

Cited by 23 publications

References 31 publications

Infrared thermography based studies on the effect of age on localized cold stress induced thermoregulation in human

Infrared thermography based studies on the effect of age on localized cold stress induced thermoregulation in human

Experimental and Computational Analysis of the Effects of Tri-Band Antennas of Wearable Smart Glasses

Thermal effects of mobile phones on human auricle region

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