Infrared thermography for examination of skin temperature in the dorsal hand of office workers

Gold, Judith E.; Cherniack, Martin; Buchholz, Bryan

doi:10.1007/s00421-004-1210-6

Cited by 57 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…[21][22][23][24][25] The advantages of thermographic cameras are that they are noninvasive and can be used without being in contact with the skin. The aim of this placebo-controlled study was to investigate the effect on skin temperature in healthy volunteers of differing skin color, age, and gender during irradiation with doses recommended in the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT) guidelines from two commercially available therapeutic infrared class 3B lasers.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Thermal Effects of Therapeutic Lasers with 810 and 904 nm Wavelengths on Human Skin

Joensen

Demmink

Johnson

et al. 2011

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery

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Objective: To investigate the effect of therapeutic infrared class 3B laser irradiation on skin temperature in healthy participants of differing skin color, age, and gender. Background: Little is known about the potential thermal effects of Low Level Laser Therapy (LLLT) irradiation on human skin. Methods: Skin temperature was measured in 40 healthy volunteers with a thermographic camera at laser irradiated and control (non-irradiated) areas on the skin. Six irradiation doses (2-12 J) were delivered from a 200 mW, 810 nm laser and a 60 mW, 904 nm laser, respectively. Results: Thermal effects of therapeutic LLLT using doses recommended in the World Association for Laser Therapy (WALT) guidelines were insignificant; below 1.58C in light, medium, and dark skin. When higher irradiation doses were used, the 60 mW, 904 nm laser produced significantly (p < 0.01) higher temperatures in dark skin (5.7, SD AE 1.88C at 12 J) than in light skin, although no participants requested termination of LLLT. However, irradiation with a 200 mW, 810 nm laser induced three to six times more heat in dark skin than in the other skin color groups. Eight of 13 participants with dark skin asked for LLLT to be stopped because of uncomfortable heating. The maximal increase in skin temperature was 22.38C. Conclusions: The thermal effects of LLLT at doses recommended by WALT-guidelines for musculoskeletal and inflammatory conditions are negligible (<1.58C) in light, medium, and dark skin. However, higher LLLT doses delivered with a strong 3B laser (200 mW) are capable of increasing skin temperature significantly and these photothermal effects may exceed the thermal pain threshold for humans with dark skin color.

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confidence: 99%

The Thermal Effects of Therapeutic Lasers with 810 and 904 nm Wavelengths on Human Skin

Joensen

Demmink

Johnson

et al. 2011

Photomedicine and Laser Surgery

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“…This finding of systemic changes in RSI raises an important question related to the mechanism of RSI. Studies have reported impaired vascular responses after typing in the affected arm of patients with RSI (evidenced by a lower hand temperature) 6,26 and after a brief application of an ice pack to the C7 area of the cervical spine. 9 Although no direct evidence was provided, these changes were hypothesized to relate to inappropriate reflex vasodilatation, possibly via the sympathetic nervous system.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…6,7,26 Nonetheless, previous studies have typically examined muscular or vascular adaptations of the affected side only.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bilateral Changes in Forearm Oxygen Consumption at Rest and After Exercise in Patients With Unilateral Repetitive Strain Injury: A Case-Control Study

Brunnekreef

Thijssen²,

Oosterhof³

et al. 2012

J Orthop Sports Phys Ther

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Repetitive strain injury (RSI) is considered a nonspecific neck, shoulder, elbow, forearm, wrist, and/or hand-related overuse pain syndrome caused by sustained low-level static and/or repetitive muscle activity. This type of prolonged, low-intensity, and repetitive muscle activity induces local changes in skeletal muscle morphology and circulation, such as changes in the amount and distribution of muscle type I and IIA fibers, 13,[17][18][19][20] These local changes have been found in muscles affected by RSI and are believed to contribute to the clinical presentation of RSI complaints. Interestingly, RSI is also related to systemic problems such as reduced function of small and large sensory and sympathetic fibers.9 Moreover, a lower skin temperature was found in both arms of patients with unilateral RSI, which may be related to an underlying systemic change in the regulation of skin blood flow. 6,7,26 Nonetheless, previous studies have typically examined muscular or vascular adaptations of the affected side only.Recently, we found lower muscle oxygen consumption in forearm muscles affected by RSI.2 Whether changes in oxygen consumption are also present in the nonaffected arm of patients with unilateral RSI has not been investigated and may have important clinical implications. To date, treatment of RSI has often focused on local complaints only; however, if systemic changes are present in patients with RSI, optimal treatment may require a more systemic approach. For example, whole-body exercise training has well-established beneficial and systemic effects on the vasculature. 8,27T T STUDY DESIGN: Case-control study. T T OBJECTIVES:To investigate whether oxygen consumption and blood flow at rest and after exercise are lower in the affected arm of patients with repetitive strain injury (RSI) compared to controls, and lower in the healthy nonaffected forearm within patients with unilateral RSI. T T BACKGROUND:RSI is considered an upper extremity overuse injury. Despite the local presentation of complaints, RSI may be represented by systemic adaptations. Insight into the pathophysiology of RSI is important to better understand the development of RSI complaints and to develop effective treatment and prevention strategies. T T METHODS: Twenty patients with unilateralRSI and 20 gender-matched control subjects participated in this study. Forearm muscle blood flow and oxygen consumption were measured using near-infrared spectroscopy at baseline and immediately after isometric handgrip exercises at 10%, 20%, and 40% of the individual maximal voluntary contraction. T T RESULTS:Unilateral RSI resulted in a lower oxygen consumption and blood flow in the affected forearm at baseline and lower oxygen consumption after incremental handgrip exercises compared to controls (P<.05). In addition, exercise-induced blood flow and oxygen consumption in the nonaffected forearm in patients with RSI were similarly reduced. T T CONCLUSION:Blood flow and oxygen consumption after exercise are similarly attenuated in the affected and nonaff...

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“…Several authors measured skin temperatures during exercise in different parts of the human body: dorsal hand during office work [1], total body during running exercise [1], dorsal hand during cycling exercise [2], seven area on trunk during breathing exercise [3] and calves during resistance exercise [4]. These studies focused on the skin temperature response to physical exercise in different categories of subjects such as trained/untrained and old/young.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of image analysis methods in skin temperature measurements during physical exercise

Ludwig¹,

Formenti²,

Trecroci³

et al. 2014

Proceedings of the 2014 International Conference on Quantitative InfraRed Thermography

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The analysis of thermographic images in biomedical application is usually performed by different methods of averaging the values of pixel temperature inside a Region of Interest (ROI). We used a new method, based on maximal temperatures inside a ROI (Tmax), to evaluate temperature modifications during physical exercise in trained or untrained subjects. In this paper we analysed squat exercise effects on the thighs of 6 active subjects. Data were compared with those obtained with traditional method based on the average over an area in the anatomical part under investigation. The values of temperature measured before, during and after the exercise showed the same pattern with both methods. A slightly decrease in temperature during the exercise was followed by an increase during the recovery time. Bland and Altman statistical analysis confirmed the good agreement between the new method and the one based on the average considered as the gold standard. In this study we put in evidence the features of this analysis method specifically in human application.

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Infrared thermography for examination of skin temperature in the dorsal hand of office workers

Cited by 57 publications

References 19 publications

The Thermal Effects of Therapeutic Lasers with 810 and 904 nm Wavelengths on Human Skin

The Thermal Effects of Therapeutic Lasers with 810 and 904 nm Wavelengths on Human Skin

Bilateral Changes in Forearm Oxygen Consumption at Rest and After Exercise in Patients With Unilateral Repetitive Strain Injury: A Case-Control Study

Comparison of image analysis methods in skin temperature measurements during physical exercise

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