Infusion therapy part two: prevention and management of complications

Gabriel, Janice

doi:10.7748/ns2008.04.22.32.41.c6447

Cited by 20 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 9 publications

(18 reference statements)

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“…1 Microbiological contamination refers to an accidental or non-intended introduction of infectious material like bacteria, virus, fungi, yeast, mould, protozoa or their toxins and by-products. 2 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources

Ejaz¹,

Javeed²,

Zubair³

2018

Pak J Med Sci

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Objective:We determined the bacterial contamination and antibiotic resistance profile of circulating Pakistani currency notes collected from hospital and community sources.Methods:This prospective study was organized from July to December 2015 in the Microbiology Department of The Children’s Hospital and The Institute of Child Health Lahore. It was done on one hundred currency notes of four different denominations collected from various groups of people in sterile polythene bags. Gram staining, colony morphology and various biochemical tests were used to identify the bacterial isolates. Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method was used to observe the antibacterial drug resistance.Results:There were 11 different types of bacterial species which contaminated 97 (97%) currency notes. The bacterial isolates discovered from paper currency notes included Klebsiella spp. (26.0%), Coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (18.3%), E. coli (14.5%), Pseudomonas spp. (13.7%), Citrobacter spp. (11.5%), Enterobacter spp. (5.3%), Acinetobacter spp. (5.3%), Streptococcus spp. (2.3%), Shigella spp. (1.5%), Salmonella spp. (0.8%) and Pantoea spp. (0.8%). Most of the Gram-positive isolates were resistant to penicillin and ampicillin. None of the Gram-negative isolates found to be resistant to amikacin, cefoperazone-sulbactam and piperacillin-tazobactam.Conclusion:The currency notes circulating in hospital and community are contaminated with highly pathogenic and some multi-drug resistant bacteria. These currency notes could be a potential source of nosocomial and community-acquired infections.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources

Ejaz¹,

Javeed²,

Zubair³

2018

Pak J Med Sci

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“…Over time, the movement of the clavicle causes pressure on the catheter within the subclavian vein, as it is compressed against the first rib. This can result in fracture, resulting in breakage and migration of the CVAD (Gabriel, 2008).…”

Section: Commonly Used Long-term Central Venous Access Devices Potent...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Venous access devices

Gabriel¹,

Brown²,

Cutler³

2012

Haematology Nursing

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“…icrobial contamination of food refers to the nonintended or accidental introduction of infectious agents like bacteria, yeast, mold, fungi, virus, protozoa or their toxins and by-products (Gabriel, 2008). This contamination can be natural via presence of microorganisms in food or drink by environmental contact.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Oral Administration of Escherichia coli Endotoxin Caused Liver - Kidney Dysfunction and Death in Rabbits

2018

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This study was carried out to determine the effects of ingested endotoxin on cellular and histological parameters in European albino rabbits - Oryctolagus cuniculus. Twenty-four (24) rabbits of either sexes weighing 1.5-1.8 kg each were randomly grouped into four of six (6) rabbits per group. The control group, A was orally administered with 5 % w/v dextrose containing 0 EU/ml and hence received 0 EU/kg body weight; groups B, C and D received 50, 500 and 1000 EU/kg body weight respectively, once daily by 10 am prior feeding for a total of 21 days. On a daily basis, blood samples were taken from each animal and serum levels of alanine transferase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and catalase activities; bilirubin, malondialdehyde, total protein, albumin (ALB), urea, uric acid and creatinine levels were assayed for. At the end of the 21 days a mortality of 20.83 % was recorded in the groups administered with endotoxin (500 and 1000 EU/kg bw). Also, there was significant increase (p <0.05) in the serum activities of ALT, AST and ALP; significantly reduced total protein and ALB levels with significant (p<0.05) increase in endotoxin doses and duration of the administration. There was significant increase (p<0.05) in bilirubin, urea and creatinine levels in the serum. Histopathology examinations show tissue degeneration in the liver, heart, kidney and lung related to increased dosages and durations of the orally administered endotoxin. We therefore conclude that oral ingestion of endotoxin causes damage to the liver, kidney, heart and the lungs in rabbits, especially when prolonged.

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Infusion therapy part two: prevention and management of complications

Abstract: In the second of two articles, the author identifies common complications associated with intravenous (i.v.) therapy and discusses preventive measures. Part one, published last week, provided an overview of i.v. therapy and the types of vascular access devices available.

Cited by 20 publications

References 9 publications

Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources

Bacterial contamination of Pakistani currency notes from hospital and community sources

Venous access devices

Oral Administration of Escherichia coli Endotoxin Caused Liver - Kidney Dysfunction and Death in Rabbits

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