Ingestion of dug well water from an area with high prevalence of chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) and development of kidney and liver lesions in rats

Thammitiyagodage, M G; Gunatillaka, M M; Ekanayaka, N; Rathnayake, C.; Horadagoda, N. U.; Jayathissa, R; Gunaratne, U K; Kumara, Wgc; Abeynayake, P.

doi:10.4038/cmj.v62i1.8428

Cited by 13 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…A previous study by our group revealed a significant association between consumption of dug well water collected from CKDu affected villages and the development of periglomerular and peritubular interstitial nephritis in Wistar rats, compared to rats that ingested water collected from a low disease prevalence area; Colombo, in the wet zone of Sri Lanka [8]. However, the disease prevalence is not uniform in the NCP.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…As the majority consume un-boiled dug well water (83%), Arsenic (as as) (0.001 mg/L) ND ND ND ND ND ND Cadmium (as Cd) (0.001 mg/L) ND ND ND ND ND ND NTM: NTMB boiled, BB, DD, HW, CO water samples analysis at the Industrial Technology Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka Not detectable levels: Total Iron; below 0.1, Arsenic: below 0.001, Cadmium: below 0.001 New Town Medirigiriya (NTM), Boiled water from Medirigiriya (NTMB), Bisobandaragama (BB), Divuldamana (DD) from high disease endemic areas for CKDu of unknown origin and Huruluwewa (HW) and Colombo (CO) that were used as controls from low endemic areas (n = 10) All the values are expressed with Standard Error (SE) and precisions were done in 95% confidence intervals (p < 0.05) the authors hypothesized that including a boiled water sample from an area with the highest disease burden (NTM) will have some impact on the experimental design. As such, dug well from NTM was selected to represent boiled as well as un-boiled water considering the very high disease burden in the locality [8,17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SD -Standard deviation from previous study by Thammitiyagodage et al, 2017 [8] Z α/2 = Z 0.05/2 = Z 0.025 = 1.96 (From Z [8].…”

Section: Sample Size Calculationmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…Group 4 was given water from New Town Medirigiriya (NTM), collected from the same dug well as for Group 1, after boiling at 100°C for 2 min (NTMB). Selection of dug wells for the study was based on the number of CKDu patients in the locality [8]. Water collected from the HW reservoir, from the same geographical location, but with a low disease prevalence was given to animals in Group 5.…”

Section: Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Biochemical and histopathological changes in Wistar rats after consumption of boiled and un-boiled water from high and low disease prevalent areas for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in north Central Province (NCP) and its comparison with low disease prevalent Colombo, Sri Lanka

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background: Chronic Kidney Disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) is prevalent in North Central Province (NCP) of Sri Lanka. Consumption of un-boiled dug well water has been identified as one of the causative factors. This in-vivo study was performed to investigate some of the suspected factors associated with the pathogenesis of CKDu mediated via ground water.Method: Rats were given water, collected from high and low disease prevalent areas from the NCP of Sri Lanka and the results compared with those obtained from previously identified low disease prevalent area; Colombo. Blood Urea Nitrogen, creatinine, urinary microalbumin:creatinine ratio together with ALT and AST levels were analyzed and results were compared using one-way ANOVA and paired t-Test. Histopathology was analyzed using non-parametric method.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 76%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SD -Standard deviation from previous study by Thammitiyagodage et al, 2017 [8] Z α/2 = Z 0.05/2 = Z 0.025 = 1.96 (From Z [8].…”

Section: Sample Size Calculationmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Animal Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Biochemical and histopathological changes in Wistar rats after consumption of boiled and un-boiled water from high and low disease prevalent areas for chronic kidney disease of unknown etiology (CKDu) in north Central Province (NCP) and its comparison with low disease prevalent Colombo, Sri Lanka

et al. 2020

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Table VII shows that Sri Lankan Chronic Kidney disease is uncorrelated with Cd in rice. Hence other explanations have been conidered [66,72]. The Codex Alimentarius [11] uses a single-variable stepfunction model for stipulating a chronic toxicity-onset amount m Cd per kg of body weight per day, week or month, as is appropriate.…”

Section: B Model Based On Harvest Volumementioning

confidence: 99%

Fertilizer usage and cadmium in soils, crops and food

Dharma‐wardana

2018

Environ Geochem Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Phosphate fertilizers were first implicated by Schroeder and Balassa (Science 140(3568):819-820, 1963) for increasing the Cd concentration in cultivated soils and crops. This suggestion has become a part of the accepted paradigm on soil toxicity. Consequently, stringent fertilizer control programs to monitor Cd have been launched. Attempts to link Cd toxicity and fertilizers to chronic diseases, sometimes with good evidence, but mostly on less certain data are frequent. A re-assessment of this "accepted" paradigm is timely, given the larger body of data available today. The data show that both the input and output of Cd per hectare from fertilizers are negligibly small compared to the total amount of Cd/hectare usually present in the soil itself. Calculations based on current agricultural practices are used to show that it will take centuries to double the ambient soil Cd level, even after neglecting leaching and other removal effects. The concern of long-term agriculture should be the depletion of available phosphate fertilizers, rather than the negligible contamination of the soil by trace metals from fertilizer inputs. This conclusion is confirmed by showing that the claimed correlations between fertilizer input and Cd accumulation in crops are not robust. Alternative scenarios that explain the data are presented. Thus, soil acidulation on fertilizer loading and the effect of Mg, Zn and F ions contained in fertilizers are considered using recent [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] ion-association theories. The protective role of ions like Zn, Se, Fe is emphasized, and the question of Cd toxicity in the presence of other ions is considered. These help to clarify difficulties in the standard point of view. This analysis does not modify the accepted views on Cd contamination by airborne delivery, smoking, and industrial activity, or algal blooms caused by phosphates.

show abstract