Ingestive behavior.

Wallace Craig’s Appetites and aversions as constituents of instincts: A centennial appreciation.

“…He used the word “appetite,” he explained, to refer to “a state of agitation which continues so long as a stimulus, which may be called the appeted stimulus, is absent.” He further explained, “When the appeted stimulus is at length received it stimulates a consummatory reaction, after which the appetitive behavior ceases and is succeeded by a state of relative rest” (Craig, 1918, p. 91). Although Craig was apparently influenced by Sherrington’s use of a similar distinction between anticipatory or precurrent and consummatory behavior (Ball & Balthazart, 2008; Kalikow & Mills, 1989; Sherrington, 1906), Craig is responsible for the appetitive–consummatory formulation or the A–C axis as it has been termed (Schwenk, 2017), and used the term appetite in a broader and richer context.…”

“…A few of the more prominent are mentioned below. A useful diagram was prepared for a recent review of ingestive behavior by Kurt Schwenk and is reprinted here as Figure 2 (Schwenk, 2017). Studying it closely underscores the protean reach of Craig’s ideas for understanding psychological and behavioral phenomena, and how they are centrally embedded among myriad ancillary processes.…”

“…Foraging is perhaps the most frequent, and obvious, application of the A–C distinction and is common in learning-oriented behavior systems studies (Bowers, 2018; Timberlake & Silva, 1995). In a most detailed and extensive physiological and behavioral analysis of eating behavior, Schwenk used Craig’s distinctions of appetitive, consummatory, and relative rest as key aspects of his analysis as depicted in Figure 2 (Schwenk, 2017). The distinction between appetitive and consummatory was useful in showing that social facilitation affected the appetitive more than the consummatory phases of behavior (Keeling & Hurnik, 1996).…”

“…BBB = blood–brain barrier; ± = stimulatory or inhibitory effects on appetite and food intake. (Reprinted with permission from Schwenk, 2017).…”