Inhalation bioaccessibility of inhaled triazole fungicides and health risk assessment during spraying

Abstract

Background: Ambient air pollution caused by pesticide drift has received great attention. To accurately evaluate the health risk of inhaled pesticides, bioaccessibility should be considered. However, methods to reliably assess pesticide residues remain limited, hindering the precise estimation of exposure assessment. We aimed to optimize an in vitro method for the inhalation bioaccessibility (IBA) measurement of triazole fungicides and to incorporate this into inhalation exposure assessment during pesticide spraying.Results: The IBA of triazole fungicides increased logarithmically with extraction duration, plateauing after 6 h. The frequency of agitation displayed a similar pattern, whereas the ratio of solid to liquid between 1/1500 and 1/250 was considerably negatively associated. The predicted values (35.9-53.5%) for IBA based on optimized methodological parameters determined using a response surface methodology showed an acceptable deviation from experimental values (30.7-50.8%), suggesting feasibility for in vitro IBA measurement. Incorporating IBA into calculations of inhalation exposure amount (IE) yielded a value of 8.5 × 10 −7 −2.1 × 10 −5 mg kg −1 day −1 , a 50-68% reduction compared to IE based on total amount. Additionally, the safety exposure threshold was determined for triazole fungicides using benchmark dose modelling of data from lung A549 cell proliferation toxicity assays, and in this context, margin of exposure (MOE) values were calculated to be within an acceptable level.Conclusion: This in vitro method supplements bioaccessibility evaluation based on pesticide inhalation exposure, along with the risk to human health.

Efficacy and toxic action of the natural product natamycin against Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

“…These fungicides inhibit the biosynthesis of ergosterol by acting on CYP51 protein. [37][38][39] Because of the high selection pressure of these fungicides, however, resistance has been reported in a variety of pathogenic fungi. [40][41][42][43] Several investigations found that the target gene Cyp51 was upregulated after treatment with triazole fungicides, and overexpression of Cyp51 gene causing triazole fungicide resistance has been reported in a series of plant pathogenic fungi, such as in B. cinerea, Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, and Fusarium fujikuroi.…”

“…Triazole fungicides, as a major class of ergosterol biosynthesis inhibitors, are currently an economically important class of fungicides used in the control of agricultural diseases. These fungicides inhibit the biosynthesis of ergosterol by acting on CYP51 protein 37‐39 . Because of the high selection pressure of these fungicides, however, resistance has been reported in a variety of pathogenic fungi 40‐43 .…”