Inhalation Toxicology and Pathology of Animals Exposed to <i>o</i>-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS)

Ballantyne, Bryan; Callaway, S.

doi:10.1177/002580247201200107

Cited by 59 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Deaths in man due to exposure to CN in a closed environment for 10 min to several hours follow the same general pattern seen in experimental animals exposures; i.e. lethal expo- Ballantyne and Callaway (1972) sures to aerosols or smokes which are not immediately asphyxiating involve a latent phase before the onset of signs of lung damage followed by death due to pulmonary oedema and haemorrhage. In relation to lethal toxicity and the definition of hazard ratings, the apparently lesser hazard with CS in comparison with CN is mainly a function of two factors; first, the greater sensory irritant potency of CS and, second, its lower acute inhalation toxicity.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)

Ballantyne

Swanston

1978

Arch Toxicol

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The comparative acute toxicity of two peripheral sensory irritant materials, 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS), has been investigated in several species of small mammal using solutions in polyethylene glycol 300 for intravenous, intraperitoneal and oral administration, and as pure aerosols for inhalation exposure. Additionally, the comparative potency for inducing primary contact dermatitis was studied. CN and CS were found to be about equitoxic by intravenous and intraperitoneal injection, but CS was significantly less toxic by the oral and inhalation routes and less likely to cause non-lethal tissue damage than CN.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 57%

The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)

Ballantyne

Swanston

1978

Arch Toxicol

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“…Death was due to severe lung damage (comprising haemorrhages and oedema). Animals that survived showed no pathological abnormalities when examined 14 days later [22]. In vivo studies on rats, mice, guinea-pigs, rabbits, pigeons and monkeys showed pulmonary oedema, haemorrhage and atelectasis even with the lower doses of CS [23,24].…”

Section: Experimental Studies On Oc Cs and Mechanisms Of Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Tear Gases on the Pulmonary System

Arbak¹

2013

Tur Toraks Der

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The acute effects of tear gases such as oleoresincapsicum and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile are well known. Tear gases cause incapacitating inflammatory response in various tissues and organs including the lungs, eyes, nose, throat, skin and others. The final results on the pulmonary system are toxic pneumonitis, asthma aggravation, bronchitis, and rhinitis. Long term effects are irritant induced asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disorders. The best way to reduce the hazardous effects of these gases is not to use them at all. Key words: Tear gases, respiratory effects, lung diseasesOleoresincapsicum ve 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile gibi göz yaşartan gazların akut etkileri iyi bilinmektedir. Göz yaşartan gazlar akciğerler, gözler, burun, boğaz, cildi içeren çeşitli doku ve organlarda güçsüz bırakan yangısal yanıta yol açmaktadırlar. Solunum sistemi üstündeki son sonuçlar toksik pnömonitis, astım alevlenmesi, bronşit ve rinittir. Uzun dönemli etkileri ise irritanla indüklenen astım, kronik obstrüktif solunumsal hastalıklardır. Bu gazların zararlı etkilerini azaltmanın en iyi yolu onları hiç kullanmamaktır. AnAhtAr sözcüKler: Göz yaşartan gazlar, solunumsal etkiler, akciğer hastalıkları IntrodUctIonThe Turkish Police Department reported that they mostly used Oleoresincapsicum (OC) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) as tear gases for controlling protest actions [1]. OC is an organic resin derived from the pepper plant and its toxicological effect is mainly dependent on the amount of capsiacinoids in it. The capsaicinoid content determines the "hotness" of the OC product, measured in Scoville units. OC for nonlethal weapon formulas can differ in potency from 16000 Scoville Heat Units (S.H.U) to1.5 million units, with a 5-10% solution generally recommended as an effective dose [2]. When used, OC causes incapacitating inflammatory response in various tissues and organs including the lungs, eyes, nose, throat, skin and others [3]. OC leads to wheezing, dry cough, shortness of breath, gasping, difficulty in breathing or speaking due to laryngospasm and rarely cyanosis, apnoea, and respiratory arrest in the respiratory system [4].Chlorobenzylidenemalononitrile is a white crystalline substance that is usually mixed with the other compounds in a grenade or canister for use. The preferable form for scattering populations is intended to be a smoke or fog of suspended particles. Being an extremely severe skin and mucous membrane irritant and lacrimator, even at minute doses, CS is found to be effective for controlling crowds [5]. Respiratory symptoms due to CS are nasal irritation, rhinorrhea, coughing and shortness of breath [6]. The effects of CS usually start after 20 to 60 seconds of exposure and resolve within 30 minutes [7]. Animal studies showed that the respiratory concentration of CS 25000 to 150000 mg/m 3 per minute would be lethal for 50% of healthy adults. When used outside, a CS grenade produces a cloud 6-9 meters in diameter, the highest CS concentration of 2000 to 5000 mg/m 3 is detected a...

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“…It is regarded as a potent and generally safe riot control agent, yet as with this class of compounds high air concentrations can lead to toxic reactions in experimental animals and humans. 26,42,232 It has been studied extensively in animals and humans and has been widely used around the world with no verified deaths in humans following its use. Like CN and DM, CS is a crystalline solid substance that is soluble in organic solvents but poorly soluble in water.…”

Section: Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (Cs)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry

Olajos¹,

Salem²

2001

J of Applied Toxicology

122

116

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The desired effect of all riot control agents is the temporary disablement of individuals by way of intense irritation of the mucous membranes and skin. Generally, riot control agents can produce acute site-specific toxicity where sensory irritation occurs. Early riot control agents, namely, chloroacetophenone (CN) and chlorodihydrophenarsazine (DM), have been replaced with 'safer' agents such as o-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS) and oleoresin of capsicum (OC). Riot control agents are safe when used as intended: however, the widespread use of riot control agents raises questions and concerns regarding their health effects and safety. A large margin exists between dosages that produce harassment and dosages likely to cause adverse health effects for modern riot control agents such as CS and dibenz[b,f]1 : 4-oxazepine (CR). Yet, despite the low toxicity of modern riot control agents, these compounds are not entirely without risk. The risk of toxicity increases with higher exposure levels and prolonged exposure durations. Ocular, pulmonary and dermal injury may occur on exposure to high levels of these substances, and exposure to riot control agents in enclosed spaces may produce significant toxic effects. Reported deaths are few involving riot control agents, and then only under conditions of prolonged exposure and high concentrations. Recently, concern has focused on the deaths resulting from law enforcement use of OC, a riot control agent generally regarded as safe because it is a natural product. As with other xenobiotics, not enough is known concerning the long-term/chronic effects of riot control agents. Clearly, there is considerable need for additional research to define and delineate the biological and toxicological actions of riot control agents and to illuminate the full health consequences of these compounds as riot control agents.

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Inhalation Toxicology and Pathology of Animals Exposed to o-Chlorobenzylidene Malononitrile (CS)

Cited by 59 publications

References 5 publications

The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)

The comparative acute mammalian toxicity of 1-chloroacetophenone (CN) and 2-chlorobenzylidene malononitrile (CS)

Effects of Tear Gases on the Pulmonary System

Riot control agents: pharmacology, toxicology, biochemistry and chemistry

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