Inhibited Bacterial Adhesion and Biofilm Formation on Quaternized Chitosan-Loaded Titania Nanotubes with Various Diameters

Abstract

Titania nanotube-based local drug delivery is an attractive strategy for combating implant-associated infection. In our previous study, we demonstrated that the gentamicin-loaded nanotubes could dramatically inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on implant surfaces. Considering the overuse of antibiotics may lead to the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, we synthesized a new quaternized chitosan derivative (hydroxypropyltrimethyl ammonium chloride chitosan, HACC) with a 27% degree of substitution (DS; referred to as 27% HACC) that had a strong antibacterial activity and simultaneously good biocompatibility with osteogenic cells. Titania nanotubes with various diameters (80, 120, 160, and 200 nm) and 200 nm length were loaded with 2 mg of HACC using a lyophilization method and vacuum drying. Two standard strain, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (American Type Culture Collection 43300) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (American Type Culture Collection 35984), and two clinical isolates, S. aureus 376 and S. epidermidis 389, were selected to investigate the bacterial adhesion at 6 h and biofilm formation at 24, 48, and 72 h on the HACC-loaded nanotubes (NT-H) using the spread plate method, confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Smooth titanium (Smooth Ti) was also investigated and compared. We found that NT-H could significantly inhibit bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation on its surface compared with Smooth Ti, and the NT-H with 160 nm and 200 nm diameters had stronger antibacterial activity because of the extended HACC release time of NT-H with larger diameters. Therefore, NT-H can significantly improve the antibacterial ability of orthopedic implants and provide a promising strategy to prevent implant-associated infections.

Antibacterial, Antibiofilm, and Antiadhesive Properties of Different Quaternized Chitosan Derivatives

“…Thus, testing the antimicrobial properties of new compounds not only against exponentially growing bacterial cells but also against biofilms is mandatory. Ability of quaternized Ch-derivatives to interfere with biofilm formation is a promising but still relatively poorly investigated subject [37,38]. In the present study, the tissue culture plate method was used to test the ability of QAH, QAH-Pro, QAL and QAL-Pro to prevent biofilm formation by P. aeruginosa and S. epidermidis.…”

Functionalization of chitosan with carboxylic acids and derivatives of them: Synthesis issues and prospects of practical use: A review

“…Chitosan can also play a role of the effective polymer matrix for the different mineral phosphate fillers; this is important in the view of a design of bone implants [2][3][4]. The presence of a positive charge on the ammonium groups of the polymeric chains imparts to chitosan the ability to connect with the cellular walls of the pathogenic bacteria [11,12], resulting in a death of them, and with the mucous membranes [13,14]. In addition, chitosan possesses good adhesion to the stromal cells; this is important for the design of the scaffolds [4,15,16].…”

Microbiological and Cellular Evaluation of a Fluorine-Phosphorus-Doped Titanium Alloy, a Novel Antibacterial and Osteostimulatory Biomaterial with Potential Applications in Orthopedic Surgery

“…Titanium alloys, mainly Ti-6Al-4V, are commonly used in orthopedic surgery and traumatology due to their well-known physico-chemical properties and biocompatibility (16)(17)(18). To date, most of the methods used to manufacture nanotubular oxide layers with potential biomedical applications have been implemented in pure titanium (19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26). Recently, we demonstrated that fluorine (F) doping during the anodizing process of Ti-6Al-4V decreases staphylococcal adherence by about 50% (27) and that F doping, together with the nanostructure resulting from the anodizing process, improves the osseointegrative properties by favoring matrix mineralization of osteoblastic cells (28).…”