Inhibiting the cholesterol storage enzyme ACAT1/SOAT1 in aging Apolipoprotein E4 mice alter their brains inflammatory profiles

Abstract

Aging and Apolipoprotein E4 (APOE4) are the two most significant risk factors for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Compared to APOE3, APOE4 disrupts cholesterol homeostasis, increases cholesteryl esters (CEs), and exacerbates neuroinflammation in brain cells including microglia. Targeting CEs and neuroinflammation could be a novel strategy to ameliorate APOE4 dependent phenotypes. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a key player in inflammation, its regulation is associated with cholesterol content of lipid rafts in cell membranes. We previously demonstrated that in normal microglia expressing APOE3, inhibiting the cholesterol storage enzyme acyl-CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase 1 (ACAT1/SOAT1) reduces CEs, dampened neuroinflammation via modulating the fate of TLR4. We also showed that treating myelin debris-loaded normal microglia with ACAT inhibitor F12511 reduced cellular CEs and activated ABC transporter 1 (ABCA1) for cholesterol efflux. In this study, we found that treating primary microglia expressing APOE4 with F12511 also reduces CEs, activated ABCA1, and dampened LPS dependent NFkB activation. In vivo, a two-week injections of nanoparticle F12511, which consists of DSPE-PEG2000, phosphatidylcholine, and F12511, to aged female APOE4 mice reduced TLR4 protein content and decreased proinflammatory cytokines including IL-1B; in APOE4 mice brains. Overall, our work suggests nanoparticle F12511 is a novel agent to ameliorate LOAD.