X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging plays an essential role in disease diagnosis due to its noninvasive, painless mode, and superior penetration depth.However, the resolution of the soft tissue and minor lesions remains limited. And the disadvantages of conventional contrast agents, such as inefficient targeting capability, poor biocompatibility, and short circulation times, are considered intractable in clinical using. To overcome these "Gordian Knot", nanoparticles for CT imaging have been developed to achieve the purposes that people aspire to. The advantages of nanoparticles are excepted high sensitivity to X-ray and better imaging performance in vivo, even therapeutic effect. In particular, based on the various design, nanoparticle contrast agents composed of different materials integrate multiple imaging modalities, make up the inadequacy of a single imaging type, and thus provide more accurate information for diagnosis. This review focus on the nanoparticles for X-ray CT imaging, and of which the multi-functional designs. Some perspectives of crucial problems and prospective challenges are also further discussed.