Inhibition and facilitation in schizotypy

Cimino, Michelle; Haywood, M. Elizabeth

doi:10.1080/13803390701336866

Cited by 14 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Our findings of associations between positive, cognitive, and asocial schizotypal traits and impairments in inhibition and cognitive flexibility or attentional switching (Color–Word Interference Test) are in line with past studies that have found high schizotypes to display greater inhibitory latency and less accurate responses compared with low schizotypes on all inhibition and switching conditions of the Color–Word Interference Test ( 12 ). These findings are also in line with recent schizophrenia research, which has revealed inhibitory deficits using the Color–Word Interference Test ( 30 ).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

“…Poorer neurocognitive performance similar to that seen in schizophrenia, albeit in a milder form, has been identified in individuals exhibiting high levels of schizotypy traits ( 11 ). For example, inferior levels of attention and executive functioning have been revealed: Cimino and Haywood ( 12 ) found healthy individuals high in schizotypy traits, based on a mean of all Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE; a self-report inventory assessing schizotypy) factor scores, to exhibit significantly more errors and longer latencies on the Stroop Color–Word Interference Test, in comparison with individuals low in schizotypal traits. This finding is indicative of relative impairments in inhibition and attentional switching or cognitive flexibility ( 12 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Schizotypal Traits are Associated with Poorer Executive Functioning in Healthy Adults

et al. 2015

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Previous research has shown mild forms of the neurocognitive impairments seen in schizophrenia among healthy individuals exhibiting high schizotypal traits. This study aimed to explore associations between schizotypy and cognitive performance in an adult community sample. Ninety-five females and 79 males completed the Oxford–Liverpool Inventory of Feelings and Experiences (O-LIFE), which measures four separable aspects of schizotypy: cognitive disorganization, unusual experiences, introvertive anhedonia, and impulsive non-conformity. Subsequently, participants were administered a neurocognitive battery incorporating measures of executive skills including inhibition, cognitive flexibility, reasoning, and problem solving along with measures of attention and processing speed and both verbal and spatial working memory. In line with predictions, the current study found that higher scores on the subscales of unusual experiences, cognitive disorganization, and impulsive non-conformity related to worse performance on a measure of inhibition. Additionally, as introvertive anhedonia increased, both attention and processing speed and reasoning and problem-solving performance became more impaired. In conclusion, this study extends schizotypy literature by examining the subscales of the O-LIFE, and enables inferences to be drawn in relation to cognitive impairment in schizophrenia.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Schizotypal Traits are Associated with Poorer Executive Functioning in Healthy Adults

et al. 2015

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“…Some studies support the argument that high schizotypy and impaired inhibition are connected (Cimino and Haywood, 2008), particularly in cases of positive schizotypy (Louise et al, 2015). Impaired cognitive flexibility (as measured by the trail-making test or the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test) has been associated with the negative dimension of schizotypy (Louise et al, 2015; for a review see Giakoumaki, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 84%

Cognitive Correlates of Different Mentalizing Abilities in Individuals with High and Low Trait Schizotypy: Findings from an Extreme-Group Design

et al. 2017

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Mentalizing or Theory of Mind (ToM) deficits in schizophrenia have been studied to great extent, but studies involving samples of trait schizotypy yield ambiguous results. Executive functions like cognitive inhibition, cognitive flexibility, and agency are all prerequisites of mentalizing, and it is assumed that the impairment of these functions contributes to ToM deficits in schizophrenia. Whether these impairments influence the ToM performance of people with high trait schizotypy remains unclear. Although impaired self-agency has repeatedly been identified in people with schizotypy, its role in mentalizing is yet to be investigated. The main aim of this study was to explore whether deficits in cognitive and affective ToM can be found in high trait schizotypy, and to identify in what way these deficits are related to the positive and negative dimensions of schizotypy. The secondary aim was to examine whether these deficits correlate with executive functions. Based on the dimensional view of the schizophrenia spectrum, an extreme-group design was applied to non-clinical volunteers demonstrating high (N = 39) and low (N = 47) trait schizotypy. Affective and cognitive ToM were investigated using the Movie for Assessment of Social Cognition, a sensitive and video-based measurement. Cognitive inhibition was assessed using the Stroop Test, and cognitive flexibility was analyzed using the Trail-Making Test. Agency was measured using a computerized self-agency paradigm. Participants in the high-schizotypy group performed significantly worse in the affective ToM task (d = 0.79), and their overall ToM performance was significantly impaired (d = 0.60). No between-group differences were found with regards to cognitive ToM, executive functions, and self-agency. Cognitive flexibility correlated negatively with positive schizotypy, and contributed to a worse overall and affective ToM. Impaired cognitive inhibition contributed to undermentalizing-type errors. It was found that non-clinical participants with high trait (positive) schizotypy – especially those with slight executive-function deficits – may have difficulties in understanding the emotional state of others and consequently in functioning in social situations.

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“…For example, relatively inconsistent findings are observed in the negative priming paradigm (89, 119) and the Stroop task (89, 120–126). Additionally, Raine (41) argues that the level of general intelligence is relatively unimpaired in schizotypy.…”

Section: Genetic Cognitive and Neurobiological Studies Of Schizotypmentioning

confidence: 99%

Genetics, Cognition, and Neurobiology of Schizotypal Personality: A Review of the Overlap with Schizophrenia

et al. 2014

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Schizotypy refers to a set of temporally stable traits that are observed in the general population and that resemble the signs and symptoms of schizophrenia. Here, we review evidence from studies on genetics, cognition, perception, motor and oculomotor control, brain structure, brain function, and psychopharmacology in schizotypy. We specifically focused on identifying areas of overlap between schizotypy and schizophrenia. Evidence was corroborated that significant overlap exists between the two, covering the behavioral brain structural and functional as well molecular levels. In particular, several studies showed that individuals with high levels of schizotypal traits exhibit alterations in neurocognitive task performance and underlying brain function similar to the deficits seen in patients with schizophrenia. Studies of brain structure have shown both volume reductions and increase in schizotypy, pointing to schizophrenia-like deficits as well as possible protective or compensatory mechanisms. Experimental pharmacological studies have shown that high levels of schizotypy are associated with (i) enhanced dopaminergic response in striatum following administration of amphetamine and (ii) improvement of cognitive performance following administration of antipsychotic compounds. Together, this body of work suggests that schizotypy shows overlap with schizophrenia across multiple behavioral and neurobiological domains, suggesting that the study of schizotypal traits may be useful in improving our understanding of the etiology of schizophrenia.

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Inhibition and facilitation in schizotypy

Cited by 14 publications

References 42 publications

Schizotypal Traits are Associated with Poorer Executive Functioning in Healthy Adults

Schizotypal Traits are Associated with Poorer Executive Functioning in Healthy Adults

Cognitive Correlates of Different Mentalizing Abilities in Individuals with High and Low Trait Schizotypy: Findings from an Extreme-Group Design

Genetics, Cognition, and Neurobiology of Schizotypal Personality: A Review of the Overlap with Schizophrenia

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