Inhibition by protease inhibitors of binding of adrenal and sex steroid hormones

Baker, Michael E.; Vaughn, Duke A.; Fanestil, Darrell D.

doi:10.1002/jss.400090312

Cited by 36 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…These studies found a possible effect of the protease inhibitors on the binding of the steroids hormones with their receptors [39] or causing the blockade of androgen receptor [40], both actions could be related to sexual difficulties associated with protease inhibitors.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Dysfunctions of HIV-Positive Men: Associated Factors, Pathophysiology Issues, and Clinical Management

Scanavino

2011

Advances in Urology

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Sexual dysfunctions in HIV-positive men are associated with an increase in risky sexual behavior and decreased adherence to antiretroviral drug regimens. Because of these important public health issues, we reviewed the literature on the pathophysiology, associated factors and clinical management of sexual dysfunction in HIV-positive men. The goal was to investigate the current research on these issues. Literature searches were performed in June 2011 on PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycInfo databases with the keywords “AIDS” and “sexual dysfunction” and “HIV” and “sexual dysfunction”, resulting in 54 papers. Several researchers have investigated the factors associated with sexual dysfunction in HIV-positive men. The association between sexual dysfunction and antiretroviral drugs, particularly protease inhibitors, has been reported in many studies. The lack of standardized measures in many studies and the varying study designs are the main reasons that explain the controversial results. Despite some important findings, the pathophysiology of sexual dysfunction in the HAART era still not completely understood. Clinical trials of testosterone replacement therapy have shown the treatment to be beneficial to the improvement of sexual dysfunctions related to hypogonadism. However, there are not enough psychological intervention studies to make conclusions regarding the therapeutic effects of psychotherapy.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual Dysfunctions of HIV-Positive Men: Associated Factors, Pathophysiology Issues, and Clinical Management

Scanavino

2011

Advances in Urology

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“…Indeed, a search of the literature reveals a series of reports that are consistent with this hypothesis (refs. (Mizejewski et al, 1975;Baker et al, 1978;Scott et al, 1989;Luscher and Eisenman, 1990a;Mahoney et al, 1991;Kato et al, 1992;Gehring et al, 1994;Manak, 1994;Olson and Rosenthal, 1994)). Other enzymerelated homologies include superoxide dismutase, kinesins, tyrosine kinases, cyclin-dependent-kinases, ATP binding protein, protein kinases, and many others ( Figure 5E).…”

Section: C) Enzymes Fibrin Binding and Serine Proteasesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mapping of Structure-Function Peptide Sites on the Human Alpha-fetoprotein Amino Acid Sequence

Mizejewski¹

2011

Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics in Oncology and Haematology

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The structure of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is presen-ted in light of AFP membership and position in the albuminoid gene family in comparison to other gene family members. Ontogenetic AFP gene expression is reviewed considering AFP mRNA presence in various tissues at different times during development. The multiple molecular variant forms of AFP are discussed in relation to published reports of AFP binding proteins and cell surface receptors. The atlas further shows AFP as a protein consisting of multiple peptide-cassettes consisting of amino acid (AA) sequence stretches matched to peptide segments on prohormones and biological response modifier proteins. Such AFP peptide segments could potentially serve as delivery agents which could target vascular, neuroendocrine, or gastrointestinal cells. A discussion follows in which peptide epitopes, extracellular matrix proteins, serine proteases, extracellular matrix, and cellular adhesion AA identity sites on AFP are considered. The AFP molecule is also viewed as a carrier/ transport protein based on AA sequence comparison of various proteins that bind hydropho-bic ligands and heavy metals similar to AFP binding of such components. An analysis of trans-cription factors, tumor suppressors, and AA-rich motifs follows, interfaced with dimerization and nuclear localization sequence matches identified on the AFP molecule. Emphasis is further placed upon homeodomain and apoptosis AA sequence identi-ties given that AFP serves as a fetal, phasespecific protein throughout embryogenesis, histogenesis, and organogenesis. AFP AA sequences are further presented as peptide identification sites for Mapping of Structure-Function Peptide Sites on the Human Alpha-fetoprotein Amino Acid SequenceMizejewski GJ Atlas Genet Cytogenet Oncol Haematol. 2010; 14(2) 170 growth factors, receptors, cytoskeletal proteins, and chemo-kines. A closing discussion summarizes the multi-ple and varied motifs of peptide sequences matched to AAs on each of AFP's three domains. This study indicates that short peptide segments, in addition to full-length AFP, and domain and subdomain fragments of AFP, could be employed as functional agents to help unravel the complexity of biological roles ascribed to human AFP.

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“…Studies in the latter 1970s had predicted that steroid hormone-binding proteins contain spatially adjacent histidine and serine residues, which could aid in binding protease inhibitorshbstrates and also regulate steroid hormone binding (99). Subsequent reports had showed that protease inhibitors (tosyl-lysine-chloro-methyl ketone) and substrates (tryptophan methyl ester) eliminated specific binding of steroids to their respective nuclear receptors as well as estrogen binding to rat AFP (100,101).…”

Section: Ginmentioning

confidence: 96%

-Fetoprotein as a Biologic Response Modifier: Relevance to Domain and Subdomain Structure

1997

Experimental Biology and Medicine

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In the present review, the structure of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is discussed in consideration of AFP membership and position in the albuminoid supergene family in relation to other gene family members. Ontogenetic AFP gene expression is then discussed in view of AFP mRNA presence in various tissues at different times during development. The multiple molecular forms of AFP is also presented in relation to published reports of AFP binding proteins and cell surface receptors. The review proceeds on to present AFP as a potential model of a modular/cassette protein based on sequence comparison with cleaved fragments of prohormones and biological response modifiers. Such cleaved fragments could potentially serve as peptide messengers for vascular, neuroendocrine, and digestive biological activities. Following a discussion on fibrin binding and serine proteases, AFP-cytoskeletal, extracellular matrix, and cellular adhesion interactions are considered. AFP as a carrier/transport protein based on structural relationships is further elucidated by examination of the various ligands bound to AFP and its hormone interaction. Since AFP binds heavy metals, the question is posed of whether AFP could function as an antioxidant. An analysis of transcription factors, tumor suppressors, and homeodomain proteins follows, which is interfaced with the concept of programmed cell death in light of amino acid sequence matches detected on the AFP molecule. Emphasis was naturally placed upon the homeodomain protein sequence stretches since AFP is a fetal, phase-specific protein found throughout embryogenesis, histogenesis, and organogenesis. In keeping with histogenesis, a discussion of AFP and eye lens protein development is presented. Finally, AFP sequence analysis presented in light of members of the immunoglobulin superfamily, autoimmune disorders, and various disease states culminates the review. A closing discussion then summarizes regions of presumptive matched protein identities on each of AFP's three domains.

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Inhibition by protease inhibitors of binding of adrenal and sex steroid hormones

Cited by 36 publications

References 14 publications

Sexual Dysfunctions of HIV-Positive Men: Associated Factors, Pathophysiology Issues, and Clinical Management

Sexual Dysfunctions of HIV-Positive Men: Associated Factors, Pathophysiology Issues, and Clinical Management

Mapping of Structure-Function Peptide Sites on the Human Alpha-fetoprotein Amino Acid Sequence

-Fetoprotein as a Biologic Response Modifier: Relevance to Domain and Subdomain Structure

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