Establishment of a Parkinson's disease (PD) neuron model was attempted with mouse embryonic stem (ES) cells. ES cell lines over-expressing mouse nuclear receptor-related 1 (Nurr1), together with human wild-type and alanine 30 fi proline (A30P) and alanine 53 fi threonine (A53T) mutant a-synuclein were established and subjected to differentiation into dopaminergic neurons. The ES cell-derived dopaminergic neurons expressing wild-type or mutant a-synuclein exhibited the fundamental characteristics consistent with dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra. The ES cell-derived PD model neurons exhibited increased susceptibility to oxidative stress, proteasome inhibition, and mitochondrial inhibition. Cell viability of PD model neurons and the control neurons was similar until 28 days after differentiation. Nonetheless, after that time, PD model neurons gradually began to undergo neuronal death over the course of 1 month, showing cytoplasmic aggregate formation and an increase of insoluble a-synuclein protein. Such delayed neuronal death was observed in a mutant a-synuclein protein level-dependent manner, which was slightly inhibited by a c-jun N-terminal kinase inhibitor and a caspase inhibitor. Such cell death was not observed when the same ES cell lines were differentiated into oligodendrocytes. The ES cellderived PD model neurons are considered as prospective candidates for a new prototype modelling PD that would allow better investigation of the underlying neurodegenerative pathophysiology. Keywords: a-synuclein, dopaminergic neuron, embryonic stem cell, neuronal death, oligodendrocyte, Parkinson's disease. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by rigidity, bradykinesia, gait disturbance, and resting tremour. The pathological hallmarks of PD are selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) in the midbrain and the presence of Lewy bodies in the remaining neurons. Most cases of PD occur sporadically, with the cause and pathogenesis of the disease remaining unknown; mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative damage, endoplasmic reticulum stress, failure of the ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS), environmental factors, and genetic predisposition might all be involved (Hattori and Mizuno 2004).A Mendelian inheritance pattern (familial form) is observed in approximately 5% of PD patients. Identification