Juvenile hormone (JH) is an insect hormone containing an α,β unsaturated ester consisting of a small alcohol and long, hydrophobic acid. JH degradation is required for proper insect development. One pathway of this degradation is through juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), which cleaves the JH ester bond to produce methanol and JH acid. JHE is a member of the functionally divergent α/β-hydrolase family of enzymes, and is a highly efficient enzyme that cleaves JH at very low in vivo concentrations. We present here a 2.7 Å crystal structure of JHE from the tobacco hornworm Manduca sexta (MsJHE) in complex with the transition state analog inhibitor 3-octylthio-1,1,1-trifluoropropan-2-one (OTFP) covalently bound to the active site. This crystal structure, the first JHE structure reported, contains a long, hydrophobic binding pocket with the solvent inaccessible catalytic triad located at the end. The structure explains many of the interactions observed between JHE and its substrates and inhibitors, such as the preference for small alcohol groups and long hydrophobic backbones. The most potent JHE inhibitors identified to date contain a trifluoromethyl ketone (TFK) moiety and have a sulfur atom beta to the ketone. In this study, sulfur-aromatic interactions were observed between the sulfur atom of OTFP and a conserved aromatic residue in the crystal structure. Mutational analysis supported the hypothesis that these interactions contribute to the potency of sulfur-containing TFK inhibitors. Together these results clarify the binding mechanism of JHE inhibitors and provide useful observations for the development of additional enzyme inhibitors for a variety of enzymes.
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Author ManuscriptBiochemistry. Author manuscript; available in PMC 2014 December 23. Figure 1A) is a sesquiterpenoid insect hormone that controls a wide range of biological processes. JH and/or its metabolites are known to have effects on insect life cycle processes such as development, metamorphosis, reproduction, diapause, migration, polyphenism and metabolism (1, 2). Perturbation of this system can have deleterious consequences for the insect, a fact which has been exploited for pest control. For example, the JH analog methoprene is a significant chemical line of defense against the larvae of mosquitoes that carry West Nile Virus (3). JH can be metabolized through cleavage of either its epoxide or ester moiety. The relative importance of these two pathways, both catalyzed by α/β-hydrolase enzymes (4-6), varies with insect species, development stage and tissue. Normal lepidopteran metamorphosis, for example, requires the degradation of JH via ester hydrolysis. Inhibition of ester hydrolysis leads to abnormally large larvae and delayed pupation (7). The enzyme responsible for this ester hydrolysis is juvenile hormone esterase (JHE), which is found in the hemolymph and other tissues of insects at key times in development.Insects have significant effects on human health, as vectors for diseases such as malaria and virus induced en...