Inhibition of Cycloartenol Synthase (CAS) Function in Tobacco BY‐2 Cells

Gas-Pascual, Elisabet; Simonovik, Biljana; Schaller, Hubert; Bach, Thomas J.

doi:10.1007/s11745-015-4036-6

Cited by 18 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…Mishra et al 29 tried to explore the WsCAS gene function and discovered that RNAi and over-expression of WsCAS can regulate withanolide biosynthesis. Introduction of RO 48-8071 as a CAS inhibitor caused diminished phytosterol synthesis but did not affect triterpenoid accumulation 30 . Therefore, we hypothesize that mogrosides can accumulate significantly by reducing by-pass of SgCAS expression.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase and cycloartenol synthase from Siraitia grosvenorii

Zhao

Tang

et al. 2017

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B

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Mogrosides and steroid saponins are tetracyclic triterpenoids found in Siraitia grosvenorii. Squalene synthase (SQS) and cycloartenol synthase (CAS) are key enzymes in triterpenoid and steroid biosynthesis. In this study, full-length cDNAs of SgSQS and SgCAS were cloned by a rapid amplification of cDNA-ends with polymerase chain reaction (RACE-PCR) approach. The SgSQS cDNA has a 1254 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 417 amino acids, and the SgCAS cDNA contains a 2298 bp ORF encoding 765 amino acids. Bioinformatic analysis showed that the deduced SgSQS protein has two transmembrane regions in the C-terminal. Both SgSQS and SgCAS have significantly higher levels in fruits than in other tissues, suggesting that steroids and mogrosides are competitors for the same precursors in fruits. Combined in silico prediction and subcellular localization, experiments in tobacco indicated that SgSQS was probably in the cytoplasm or on the cytoskeleton, and SgCAS was likely located in the nucleus or cytosol. These results will provide a foundation for further study of SgSQS and SgCAS gene functions in S. grosvenorii, and may facilitate improvements in mogroside content in fruit by regulating gene expression.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase and cycloartenol synthase from Siraitia grosvenorii

Zhao

Tang

et al. 2017

Acta Pharmaceutica Sinica B

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“…If the photosynthetic membrane system is protected by flavonoids, ascorbate and tocopherols [28,[39][40][41], then cell walls are protected by lignin [38]. Reduced DNA methylation in Pc-Al increases biosynthesis of sterols, tocopherols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and lignins because these plant metabolites are epigenetically regulated by silencing genes [40,42,43]. Cross-sections through adventitious roots of As 100 and As 250 plants showed the deformation of root cell walls as a result of lignification ( Fig.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of arsenic stress on 5-methylcytosine, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient content in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica (L.) var. Albo-lineata

et al. 2020

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Background: Arsenic toxicity induces a range of metabolic responses in plants, including DNA methylation. The focus of this paper was on the relationship between As-induced stress and plant senescence in the hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica var. Albo-lineata (Pc-Al). We assume difference in physiological parameters and level of DNA methylation in young and old fronds as symptoms of As toxicity. Results: The As accumulation of Pc-Al fronds, grown in pots of haplic chernozem contaminated with 100 mg As kg − 1 for 122 days, decreased with age. Content of As was higher in young than old fronds for variants with 100 mg As kg − 1 (2800 and 2000 mg As kg − 1 dry matter, respectively). The highest As content was determined in old fronds of Pc-Al grown in pots with 250 mg As kg − 1. The increase with age was confirmed for determined nutrients-Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. A significant elevation of all analysed nutrients was showed in old fronds. Arsenic accumulation affected DNA methylation status in fronds, but content of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) decreased only in old fronds of Pc-Al (from 25 to 12%). Determined photosynthetic processes showed a decrease of fluorescence, photosynthetic rate and chlorophylls of As treatments in young and old fronds. Water potential was decreased by As in both fronds. Thinning of the sclerenchymatous inner cortex and a reduction in average tracheid metaxylem in the vascular cylinder was showed in roots of As treatment. Irrespective to fronds age, physiological parameters positively correlated with a 5mC while negatively with direct As toxicity. Opposite results were found for contents of Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. Conclusions: The results of this paper point to changes in the metabolism of the hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, upon low and high exposure to As contamination. The significant impact of As on DNA methylation was found in old fronds. Irrespective to fronds age, significant correlations were confirmed for 5mC and As toxicity. Our analysis of the very low water potential values and lignification of cell walls in roots showed that transports of assimilated metabolites and water between roots and fronds were reduced. As was showed by our results, epigenetic changes could affect studied parameters of the As hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, especially in old fronds.

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“…If the photosynthetic membrane system is protected by flavonoids, ascorbate and tocopherols [28,[39][40][41], then cell walls are protected by lignin [38]. Reduced DNA methylation in Pc-Al increases biosynthesis of sterols, tocopherols, flavonoids, isoflavonoids and lignins because these plant metabolites are epigenetically regulated by silencing genes [40,42,43].Cross-sections through adventitious roots of As 100 and As 250 plants showed the deformation of root cell walls as a result of lignification (Figure 3). Zanella et al [44] observed morphological changes in tobacco roots growing in As and Cd contaminated solutions.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of arsenic stress on 5-methylcytosine, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient content in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica (L.) var. Albo-lineata

Zemanová

Popov

Pavlı́ková

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Arsenic toxicity induces a range of metabolic responses in plants, including DNA methylation. The focus of this paper was on the relationship between As-induced stress and plant senescence in the hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica var. Albo-lineata (Pc-Al). We assume difference in physiological parameters and level of DNA methylation in young and old fronds as symptoms of As toxicity.Results: The As accumulation of Pc-Al fronds, grown in pots of haplic chernozem contaminated with 100 mg As kg-1 for 122 days, decreased with age. Content of As was higher in young than old fronds for variants with 100 mg As kg-1 (2800 and 2000 mg As kg-1 dry matter, respectively). The highest As content was determined in old fronds of Pc-Al grown in pots with 250 mg As kg-1. The increase with age was confirmed for determined nutrients – Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn. A significant elevation of all analysed nutrients was showed in old fronds. Arsenic accumulation affected DNA methylation status in fronds, but content of 5-methylcytosine (5mC) decreased only in old fronds of Pc-Al (from 25% to 12%). Determined photosynthetic processes showed a decrease of fluorescence, photosynthetic rate and chlorophylls of As treatments in young and old fronds. Water potential was decreased by As in both fronds. Thinning of the sclerenchymatous inner cortex and a reduction in average tracheid metaxylem in the vascular cylinder was showed in roots of As treatment. Irrespective to fronds age, physiological parameters positively correlated with a 5mC while negatively with direct As toxicity. Opposite results were found for contents of Cu, Mg, Mn, S and Zn.Conclusions: The results of this paper point to changes in the metabolism of the hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, upon low and high exposure to As contamination. The significant impact of As on DNA methylation was found in old fronds. Irrespective to fronds age, significant correlations were confirmed for 5mC and As toxicity. Our analysis of the very low water potential values and lignification of cell walls in roots showed that transports of assimilated metabolites and water between roots and fronds were reduced. As was showed by our results, epigenetic changes could affect studied parameters of the As hyperaccumulator plant Pc-Al, especially in old fronds.

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Inhibition of Cycloartenol Synthase (CAS) Function in Tobacco BY‐2 Cells

Cited by 18 publications

References 48 publications

Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase and cycloartenol synthase from Siraitia grosvenorii

Cloning and characterization of squalene synthase and cycloartenol synthase from Siraitia grosvenorii

Effect of arsenic stress on 5-methylcytosine, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient content in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica (L.) var. Albo-lineata

Effect of arsenic stress on 5-methylcytosine, photosynthetic parameters and nutrient content in arsenic hyperaccumulator Pteris cretica (L.) var. Albo-lineata

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