Calcium channels that open upon depolarization (voltage-dependent calcium channels, VDCCs) enable calcium ions to enter neurons. VDCCs are thereby involved in synaptic transmission, changes in membrane excitability, intracellular regulation of second and third messengers and expression of genes. Spinal VDCCs that are opened by relatively large depolarizations (highthreshold VDCCs) or by small depolarizations (lowthreshold VDCCs) are involved in normal nociception as well as in the hyperalgesia and allodynia that result from inflammatory and mechanical lesions of peripheral tissues or from lesions of primary afferents fibers. Characteristics Voltage-Dependent Calcium Channels References 1. Atanassoff PG, Hartmannsgruber MW, Thrasher J et al. (2000) Ziconotide, a new N-type calcium channel blocker, administered intrathecally for acute postoperative pain. Reg Anesth Pain Med 25:274-278 2. Brose WG, Gutlove DP, Luther RR et al. (1997) Use of intrathecal SNX-111, a novel, N-type, voltage-sensitive, calcium channel blocker, in the management of intractable brachial plexus avulsion pain.