Inhibition of LPS-Induced Oxidative Damages and Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effects of Phyllanthus emblica Extract via Down-Regulating NF-κB, COX-2, and iNOS in RAW 264.7 Cells

Abstract

Phyllanthus emblica is an edible nutraceutical and functional food in the Asia area with medicinal and nutritive importance. The fruit extract of P. emblica is currently considered to be one of the effective functional foods for flesh maintenance and disease treatments because of its antioxidative and immunomodulatory properties. We examined the antioxidant abilities of the fruit extract powder by carrying out 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging, iron reducing power, and metal chelating activity analysis and showed excellent antioxidative results. In 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, the result showed that the samples had no cytotoxic effect on RAW 264.7 cells even at a high concentration of 2 mg/mL. To investigate its immunomodulatory function, our estimation was to treat it with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in RAW 264.7 cells to present anti-inflammatory capacities. The extract decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels in a dose-dependent manner measured by flow cytometry. We also examined various inflammatory mRNAs and proteins, including nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), inducible nitric oxide synthases (iNOS), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). In quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and western blotting assay, all three targets were decreased by the extract, also in a dose-dependent manner. In conclusion, P. emblica fruit extract powder not only lessened antioxidative stress damages, but also inhibited inflammatory reactions.

Dp44mT regulates the levels of inflammatory mediators through blocking NF-κB nuclear translocation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages

“…Excess production of inflammatory mediators from macrophages is involved in many diseases including sepsis, pulmonary fibrosis, atherosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and asthma (Bharat Reddy and Reddanna 2009 ). NO produced by iNOS is a critical signaling molecule which is associated with immune response, inflammation, angiogenesis, and neural development (Wang et al 2019 ). COX-2 is prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase, and it catalyzes the biosynthesis of prostanoid, such as prostaglandins and thromboxane from arachidonic acid (Bian et al 2019 ).…”

“…In addition, COX-2 mediated the inflammatory reactions in humans. Therefore, COX-2 inhibitors are widely used as anti-inflammatory drugs (Wang et al 2019 ). TNF-α produced by activated macrophages induces various biological responses, including inflammation, shock, apoptosis, and tissue injury (Kim and Jeong 2015 ).…”

New 8-C-p-Hydroxylbenzylflavonol Glycosides from Pumpkin (Cucurbita moschata Duch.) Tendril and Their Osteoclast Differentiation Inhibitory Activities

“…The effect of the isolated compounds 1-4 and 5+6 on the cell viability of the BMDMs was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay [31]. Briefly, the BMDMs (4 × 10 5 cells/mL) were seeded onto a 96-well plate and incubated with the isolated compounds in the presence of M-CSF (25 ng/mL).…”

5-Hydroxymaltol Derived from Beetroot Juice through Lactobacillus Fermentation Suppresses Inflammatory Effect and Oxidant Stress via Regulating NF-kB, MAPKs Pathway and NRF2/HO-1 Expression

“…Innate, or nonspecific immune response is the first barrier against invading detrimental particles and organisms, and it involves macrophage and inflammatory biomolecules [ 1 ]. Inflammation occurs in all human tissue and has a protective effect against extrinsic pathogens and intrinsic injuries [ 2 ].…”