“…These detrimental alterations are emphasized as major factors in the development of POI (4,8,9,15,16,[35][36][37][38][40][41][42]. We reported a time-and trauma-degree-dependent inflammatory cascade (35, 36); infiltration of leukocytes (40 -42, 72, 83), macrophages (21,22,37,87), and immunologically competent cells (35,36,40,67,69,72,81,83); and an upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines within the intestinal muscularis (36, 38 -40, 66, 68, 71, 80 -82, 84, 88). The pharmacological or genetic inhibition of macrophages ameliorated the POI in rodents (87, 89).…”