Inhibition of Pathogen Adhesion to Host Cells by Polysaccharides fromPanax ginseng

Antiviral Effect of Korean Red Ginseng Extract and Ginsenosides on Murine Norovirus and Feline Calicivirus as Surrogates for Human Norovirus

“…In particular, anti-adhesive carbohydrates inhibit the adhesion of microbial toxins or enteric pathogens including bacteria, virus and protozoa [21]. Recently, pectin-type polysaccharides and arabinoglactan identified in P. ginseng were reported to have anti-adhesive activities against pathogenic bacteria [22]. Because surface lectins of the influenza virus are used to adhere to host receptors, some carbohydrates can interfere with virus adhesion by competing for binding sites [21].…”

Structure and biological activities of the polysaccharides from the leaves, roots and fruits of Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer: An overview

“…The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of PG-F2 against Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Propionibacterium acnes, and Staphylococcus aureus were found to be in a range of 0.25-0.5 mg/mL, whereas it did not work against Lactobacillus acidophilus, Escherichia coli, or Staphylococcus epidermidis. In 2009, they examined the antiadhesive role of acidic polysaccharides (PG-F2 and PG-HMW) of P. ginseng against oral and skin bacterial adhesion to human and mouse cell lines (Lee, Shim, Chung, Lim, & Kim, 2009). Both the adhesion of P. gingivalis and A. actinomycetemcomitans to human oral epithelial cells and the adhesion of P. acnes and S. aureus to mammalian fibroblast cells were inhibited greatly by two polysaccharides in a dose-dependent manner form 0.1 to 2.0 mg/ml.…”

Relationship of the inhibition of cell migration with the structure of ginseng pectic polysaccharides

“…Meyer (ginseng) is a plant medicine that has been used in Asian countries for a long time and has many pharmacological activities (Attele, Wu, & Yuan, 1999;Chang, Seo, Gyllenhaal, & Block, 2003;Choi, 2008). Pectin is an active component of ginseng that can inhibit gastric lesions (Kiyoyaha et al, 1994), inhibit adhesion of bacteria to host cells (Lee, Shim, Chung, Lim, & Kim, 2009;Lee et al, 2006), and protect animals from the lethal effects of ionising radiation (Kim et al, 2007;Song et al, 2003). In addition, it can reduce blood glucose levels in normal and hyperglycemic mice (Konno, Sugiyama, Kano, Takahashi, & Hikino, 1984;Suzuki & Hiking, 1989), inhibit tumor growth and metastasis (Kim, Kang, & Kim, 1990;Shin et al, 2004;Yun, Lee, Jo, & Jung, 1993), and modulate the immune system (Du, Jiang, Wu, Won, & Choung, 2008;Han et al, 2005).…”