Inhibition of Proinflammatory Enzymes and Attenuation of IL-6 in LPS-Challenged RAW 264.7 Macrophages Substantiates the Ethnomedicinal Use of the Herbal Drug Homalium bhamoense Cubitt & W.W.Sm

Abstract

Commonly used to treat skin injuries in Asia, several Homalium spp. have been found to promote skin regeneration and wound healing. While ethnobotanical surveys report the use of H. bhamoense trunk bark as a wound salve, there are no studies covering bioactive properties. As impaired cutaneous healing is characterized by excessive inflammation, a series of inflammatory mediators involved in wound healing were targeted with a methanol extract obtained from H. bhamoense trunk bark. Results showed concentration-dependent inhibition of hyaluronidase and 5-lipoxygenase upon exposure to the extract, with IC50 values of 396.9 ± 25.7 and 29.0 ± 2.3 µg mL−1, respectively. H. bhamoense trunk bark extract also exerted anti-inflammatory activity by significantly suppressing the overproduction of interleukin 6 (IL-6) in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages at concentrations ranging from 125 to 1000 µg mL−1, while leading to a biphasic effect on nitric oxide (NO) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels. The phenolic profile was elucidated by HPLC-DAD, being characterized by the occurrence of ellagic acid as the main constituent, in addition to a series of methylated derivatives, which might underlie the observed anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings provide in vitro data on anti-inflammatory ability of H. bhamoense trunk bark, disclosing also potential cutaneous toxicity as assessed in HaCaT keratinocytes.

Haskap Berry Leaves (Lonicera caerulea L.)—The Favorable Potential of Medical Use

“…To estimate the biological activity potential of water extracts obtained from haskap berry leaves, the inhibitory activity was determined with selected enzymes in vitro models. As part of the research, an α-glucosidase inhibition assay was used to determine the antidiabetic potential [ 69 , 70 ], a pancreatic lipase inhibition assay was used to determine the hypolipidemic potential [ 71 , 72 ], and a hyaluronidase inhibition assay was used to determine the anti-inflammatory potential of the raw material [ 73 , 74 ]. Moreover, the antioxidant potential of the extracts was determined in two independent models (DPPH and FRAP) to complete the biological activity profile of the new raw material.…”

GC-MS profiling, anti-oxidant and anti-diabetic assessments of extracts from microalgae Scenedesmus falcatus (KU.B1) and Chlorella sorokiniana (KU.B2)

“…The capacity to scavenge NO was evaluated based on the standard method (18). First, 10 mmol l -1 sodium nitroprusside in phosphate buffered saline (125 µl) and the sample (25 µl) were mixed.…”

“…Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (RONS) are produced during physiological processes and are responsible for humans' oxidative cellular damage. RONS have a detrimental role in aging and in various diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, inflammatory problems, Parkinson's disease and ischemia/reperfusion disorders (14)(15)(16)(17)(18). Several natural antioxidants have exhibited a strong defense against cellular damage caused by free radicals, which may indicate their use in reducing such damage (19,20).…”

Phytochemical Contents and Antioxidant Activity of Medicinal Plants from the Rubiaceae Family in Thailand

“…Nitric oxide, generated from SNP in solution at physiological pH, interacts with oxygen to produce nitrite ions, which can be measured by the Griess reaction (27). The reaction mixture (3 ml), containing sodium nitroprusside in phosphate PBS buffer and the extracts were incubated.…”

“…According to the IC50 values in Table 2, the inhibition of nitric oxide radical scavenging ability were presented the highest IC50 value (13.96 ± 5.32 µg ml -1 ) in C. tomentosa bark and the lowest IC50 value (651.74 ± 7.68 µg ml -1 ) in M. coreia bark. Nitric oxide plays an important role in various inflammatory processes (27). The nitric oxide radical generated from sodium nitroprusside interacted with oxygen to form nitrite (49).…”