Inhibition of the mPTP and Lipid Peroxidation Is Additively Protective Against I/R Injury

Abstract

BACKGROUND: During myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury, high levels of matrix Ca 2+ and reactive oxygen species (ROS) induce the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP), which causes mitochondrial dysfunction and ultimately necrotic death. However, the mechanisms of how these triggers individually or cooperatively open the pore have yet to be determined. METHODS: Here, we use a combination of isolated mitochondrial assays and in vivo I/R surgery in mice. We challenged isolated liver and heart mitochondria with Ca 2+ , ROS, and Fe 2+ to induce mitochondrial swelling. Using inhibitors of the mPTP (cyclosporine A or ADP) lipid peroxidation (Fer-1 [ferrostatin-1], mitoquinone), we determined how the triggers elicit mitochondrial damage. Additionally, we used the combination of inhibitors during I/R injury in mice to determine if dual inhibition of these pathways is additivity protective. RESULTS: In the absence of Ca 2+ , we determined that ROS fails to trigger mPTP opening. Instead, high levels of ROS induce mitochondrial dysfunction and rupture independently of the mPTP through lipid peroxidation. As expected, Ca 2+ in the absence of ROS induces mPTP-dependent mitochondrial swelling. Subtoxic levels of ROS and Ca 2+ synergize to induce mPTP opening. Furthermore, this synergistic form of Ca 2+ - and ROS-induced mPTP opening persists in the absence of CypD (cyclophilin D), suggesting the existence of a CypD-independent mechanism for ROS sensitization of the mPTP. These ex vivo findings suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction may be achieved by multiple means during I/R injury. We determined that dual inhibition of the mPTP and lipid peroxidation is significantly more protective against I/R injury than individually targeting either pathway alone. CONCLUSIONS: In the present study, we have investigated the relationship between Ca 2+ and ROS, and how they individually or synergistically induce mitochondrial swelling. Our findings suggest that Ca 2+ mediates mitochondrial damage through the opening of the mPTP, although ROS mediates its damaging effects through lipid peroxidation. However, subtoxic levels both Ca 2+ and ROS can induce mPTP-mediated mitochondrial damage. Targeting both of these triggers to preserve mitochondria viability unveils a highly effective therapeutic approach for mitigating I/R injury.