Inhibition of Urban Particulate Matter-Induced Airway Inflammation by RIPK3 through the Regulation of Tight Junction Protein Production

Abstract

Urban particulate matter (UPM) is a high-hazard cause of various diseases in humans, including in the respiratory tract, skin, heart, and even brain. Unfortunately, there is no established treatment for the damage caused by UPM in the respiratory epithelium. In addition, although RIPK3 is known to induce necroptosis, its intracellular role as a negative regulator in human lungs and bronchial epithelia remains unclear. Here, the endogenous expression of RIPK3 was significantly decreased 6 h after exposure to UPM. In RIPK3-ovexpressed cells, RIPK3 was not moved to the cytoplasm from the nucleus. Interestingly, the overexpression of RIPK3 dramatically decreased TEER and F-actin formation. Its overexpression also decreased the expression of genes for pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6 and IL-8) and tight junctions (ZO-1, -2, -3, E-cadherin, and claudin) during UPM-induced airway inflammation. Importantly, overexpression of RIPK3 inhibited the UPM-induced ROS production by inhibiting the activation of iNOS and eNOS and by regulating mitochondrial fission processing. In addition, UPM-induced activation of the iκB and NF-κB signaling pathways was dramatically decreased by RIPK3, and the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was decreased by inhibiting the iκB signaling pathway. Our data indicated that RIPK3 is essential for the UPM-induced inflammatory microenvironment to maintain homeostasis. Therefore, we suggest that RIPK3 is a potential therapeutic candidate for UPM-induced pulmonary inflammation.

Biomarker RIPK3 Is Silenced by Hypermethylation in Melanoma and Epigenetic Editing Reestablishes Its Tumor Suppressor Function

“…The necrosome recruits and phosphorylates the mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL), which oligomerizes and induces necroptosis at the cell membrane [15]. In some tumor entities, the gene is already considered a potential tumor suppressor gene and exhibits aberrant expression [16][17][18][19]. Geserick et al previously showed the loss of RIPK3 expression in malignant melanoma and the resulting necroptosis resistance [20].…”