Degranulation of meningeal mast cells leading to the sensitization of
trigeminal vascular afferent processing is believed to be one of the
mechanisms underlying the migraine pain pathway. Recent work suggests
that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) may be involved in signaling states
of central sensitization. Using a murine model of light aversion
produced by compound 48/80 (2 mg/kg, intraperitoneal) mast cell
degranulation, employed as a surrogate marker for photophobia observed
in migraineurs, we examined the role of TLR4 in migraine-like behavior
and neuronal activation. Using a two-chambered light/dark box, we
found that compound 48/80 administration in male and female C57Bl/6
mice produced light aversion lasting up to 2 h, and that pre-treatment
with sumatriptan (1 mg/kg, i.p.) reliably prevented this effect.
Genetic deletion and pharmacological blockade of TLR4 with TAK-242
(3 mg/kg, i.p.) reversed the light aversive effects of compound 48/80
in males but not in females. Assessing the downstream signaling
pathway in mutant mice, we found that the TLR4-mediated, light
aversion was dependent upon myeloid differentiation primary response
gene 88 but not Toll-interleukin-1 receptor domain-containing
adapter-inducing interferon-β signaling. In separate groups, male mice
sacrificed at 10 min following compound 48/80 revealed a significant
increase in the incidence of evoked p-extracellular signal–regulated
kinases (+) neurons in the nucleus caudalis of wild type but not
Tlr4
−/−
mice or in mice
pre-treated with sumatriptan. This study thus provides the first
evidence for involvement of TLR4 signaling through MyD88 in initiating
and maintaining migraine-like behavior and nucleus caudalis neuronal
activation in the mouse.