Inhibitory Effect of Chitosan and Phosphate Cross-linked Chitosan against Cucumber Mosaic Virus and Pepper Mild Mottle Virus

Abstract

Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV) causes severe economic loss in crop productivity of both agriculture and horticulture crops in Korea. The previous surveys showed that naturally available biopolymer material – chitosan (CS), which is from shrimp cells, reduced CMV accumulation on pepper. To improve the antiviral activity of CS, it was synthesized to form phosphate cross-linked chitosan (PCS) and compared with the original CS. Initially, the activity of CS and PCS (0.01%, 0.05%, and 0.1% concentration) compound against PMMoV infection and replication was tested using a half-leaf assay on Nicotiana glutinosa leaves. The total number of local lesions represented on a leaf of N. glutinosa were counted and analyzed with phosphate buffer treated leaves as a negative control. The leaves treated with a 0.1% concentration of CS or PCS compounds exhibited an inhibition effect by 40-75% compared with the control leaves. The same treatment significantly reduced about 40% CMV accumulation measured by double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and increased the relative expression levels of the NPR1, PR-1, cysteine protease inhibitor gene, LOX, PAL, SRC2, CRF3 and ERF4 genes analyzed by quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction, in chili pepper plants.

Biocontrol potential of endophytic Bacillus subtilis A9 against rot disease of Morchella esculenta

“…Antioxidant defense systems are a prominent element in plant responses to environmental stress ( Williamson and Scandalios, 1993 ). Increasing the activities of antioxidant enzymes and defense enzymes and up-regulating the expression of defense-related genes play an important role in inducing plant innate immunity, thus enhancing plant resistance to various types of stress ( Gangireddygari et al, 2021 ). In this study, the peroxidase gene POD (H6S33_002360), NAD(P)H-hydrate epimerase gene (H6S33_008464) and the catalase CAT (H6S33_001409) involved in antioxidant enzyme were up-regulated.…”

Chitosan: Properties and Its Application in Agriculture in Context of Molecular Weight

“…To date, there's scant knowledge of the antiviral effects of MMWC. Foliar spraying of chitosan (600 kDa) stimulated the production of defense genes in chili plants and prevented the accumulation of pepper mild mottle virus and cucumber mosaic virus [94].…”

Inhibitory Activity of <italic>Pseudomonas putida</italic> and <italic>Bacillus licheniformis</italic> Supernatants on PMMoV in Chili Pepper

“…Double antibody sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) method (Gangireddygari et al, 2021) was used for the quantification of the virus as per the manufacturer's protocol (Agdia, Elkhart, IN, USA). The experimental setup of chili pepper seedling's upper leaf sample was collected at 2wpi along with control samples and extracts of the PMMoV antigen by using a general extraction buffer.…”