Inhibitory effect of lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles on SARS-CoV-2 replication and entry along with improvement of lung fibrosis induced in adult male albino rats

Green synthesis, characterization, anti-SARS-CoV-2 entry, and replication of lactoferrin-coated zinc nanoparticles with halting lung fibrosis induced in adult male albino rats

“…Also, Piacentini et al 46 demonstrated LF has high affinity to interact with ACE2 receptor and appears to directly interfere with RBD–ACE2 binding, which competes with virus for receptor occupancy, consequently interfere with virus cell entry. Moreover, LF strongly inhibits the activity of SARS-CoV-2 RdRp whose inhibition arrest viral replication 18 . Molecular docking plays a pivotal role within the drug development continuum.…”

“…On the other hand, the lactoferrin protein (LF) has antiviral, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory (e.g., lowering TNF-α and IL-6 levels) properties, so it could be a good treatment candidate for severe cases of COVID-19. Both LF and Zn-NPs have a direct effect on nidoviruses replication, to which SARS-CoV2 belongs, by inhibiting RdRP and misfolding replicase polyproteins 18 , 19 . Both lactoferrin (LF) and Zn-NPs are certified by the Drug Administration as safe components for use by both humans and animals.…”

The Influence of the Q-SUN and UV-B Irradiation on the Antiviral Properties of the PP Films Covered with the Coatings Based on ZnO Nanoparticles and TiO2

“…Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an agent that causes coronavirus disease . Despite the available treatments against SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination, there are still about 767 million cases of daily worldwide infections, including over 6.9 million deaths, due to the COVID-19 pandemic [1,2]. Additionally, RNA viruses, which have a high mutation rate, like SARS-CoV-2, increase the risk of multiresistant variant development with more virulence characteristics [1].…”

“…Despite the available treatments against SARS-CoV-2 and vaccination, there are still about 767 million cases of daily worldwide infections, including over 6.9 million deaths, due to the COVID-19 pandemic [1,2]. Additionally, RNA viruses, which have a high mutation rate, like SARS-CoV-2, increase the risk of multiresistant variant development with more virulence characteristics [1]. This virus, which is highly communicable, is mainly transmitted though respiratory droplets and aerosols during human-to-human interactions [3] or indirectly through physical contact, usually via the hands after being deposited on surfaces, such as packaging [2].…”

“…This virus, which is highly communicable, is mainly transmitted though respiratory droplets and aerosols during human-to-human interactions [3] or indirectly through physical contact, usually via the hands after being deposited on surfaces, such as packaging [2]. The spread of virus particles has demonstrated the necessity to develop novel materials with antimicrobial properties to prevent the infection of current viruses and yet-unknown variants that could appear in the future [1][2][3][4]. Antiviral surface material treatments may influence virus particles through a reduction in their number or can directly avoid these hazards [4].…”