Inhibitory Effects of Antipsychotic Chlorpromazine on the Survival, Reproduction and Population Growth Other Than Neurotransmitters of Zooplankton in Light of Global Warming

Abstract

Global warming and environmental pollution have created a unique combination of abiotic and biotic stresses to zooplankton. However, little information is available on the effects of antipsychotic drugs commonly used to treat psychosis, such as chlorpromazine (CPZ), on non-target aquatic organisms in light of global warming. This study investigated how dopamine concentrations (DAC), acute toxicity and chronic toxicity of Brachionus calyciflorus changed in response to CPZ and gradually increasing temperatures. The results showed that the concentration range of rotifer DAC was 1.06~2.51 ng/g. At 18, 25 and 32 °C, the 24 h LC50 was 1.795, 1.242 and 0.833 mg/L, respectively. Compared to the control, exposure to CPZ significantly decreased life expectancy at hatching, the net reproduction rate, generation time, population growth rate and dopamine concentration of B. calyciflorus in all three temperatures (p < 0.05). The toxicity of CPZ to rotifers was increased by high temperature. These findings indicated that CPZ is highly toxic to rotifers, displaying high ecological risks to aquatic ecosystems.

Cellular and oxidative stress responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to chlorpromazine: implications of an antipsychotic drug exposure study

“…Nonetheless, in the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus , known for its higher sensitivity to drugs compared to other invertebrates, exposure to Cpz significantly decreased life expectancy at hatching, the net reproduction rate, generation time, population growth rate, and dopamine concentration. This effect was observed at relatively high concentrations of 0.8, 1.2, 1.6, 2.0, 2.4, 2.8, and 3.2 mg/L (in acute exposure), as well as at concentrations of 0.125, 0.25, and 0.5 mg/L over a 7-day period ( Feng et al, 2022 ). Biochemical responses to Cpz, particularly oxidative stress manifestations, are reported mainly in fish and in acute exposures to high (hundreds of µg and mg per L) concentrations ( Li et al, 2008 ; Atama et al, 2022 ).…”

Changes in Induced-Antipredation Defense Traits and Transcriptome Regulations of Daphnia magna in Response to 5-HT1A Receptor Antagonist

“…This interference effect varied among different defensive traits and was influenced by the duration of exposure to WAY-100635. Among them, with the extension of WAY-100635 exposure time, high concentrations of WAY-100635 significantly 53 fecundity, 54 and even mortality, 14 have been widely documented. In our study, high concentrations of WAY-100635 not only significantly inhibited the number of D. magna offspring but also significantly reduced body size and spine length as exposure time increased.…”

“…The physiological effects of PDs, particularly serotonin-affecting PDs, on aquatic organisms, including effect on morphological characteristics, fecundity, and even mortality, have been widely documented. In our study, high concentrations of WAY-100635 not only significantly inhibited the number of D.…”