Inhibitory effects of chlorpromazine on Candida species

Abstract

Chlorpromazine was tested for antifungal activity by using Candida albicans and standard assays. The MIC of chlorpromazine was 35 pi/ml; the minimal fungicidal concentration was also 35 Fig/ml. The minimal effective concentration was 2.2 to 3.5 ptg/ml (using assays based on quantitative cultures and growth). There was a slight positive interaction between chlorpromazine and amphotericin B but no interaction between chlorpromazine and rifampin. Chlorpromazine also inhibited C. krusei, C. parapsilosis, C. tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata. We conclude that phenothiazines have direct anti-Candida activity and that these drugs appear to have a broad antimicrobial spectrum.Phenothiazines are widely used antipsychotic drugs which have multiple cellular effects, including modification of membranes, alteration of cyclic nucleotide metabolism, and intercalation into DNA (7,8,15

Antifungal activity of ibuprofen alone and in combination with fluconazole against Candida species

“…Several lipophilic antimicrobial agents can exert their activity either through direct damage of the cell membrane or by interfering with metabolic pathways. This is the case, for example, with the lipophilic azoles [30,31], butena®ne [32] and phenothiazines [33,34]. In those studies, the concentrations needed to produce direct membrane damage were higher than those producing metabolic imbalance.…”

Non‐Antibiotics – An Alternative for Microbial Resistance: Scope and Hope

“…[40] Candida spp. [93,94] Leishmania donovani [102,103,106] Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis,…”

“…[7,[75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92], Candida spp. [93][94][95], Amoeba proteus [96,97], P. falciparum [98][99][100][101], Leishmania donovani and Leishmania major [102][103][104][105][106][107], Trypanosoma [108][109][110] and helminths [111] in vitro and in vivo [2, 3, 19, 23, 26, 41, 49, 51, 53, 56, 61, 67-69, 71-74, 77, 82-89, 91, 105, 108, 109] by altering the permeability of the microbial cell membrane [2, 3, 18-20, 23, 25, 27, 30, 34, 38-40, 46, 54, 59, 60, 79, 81, 95, 101-103, 107, 112] and enhance the in vitro and in vivo activity of certain antibiotics against specific bacteria [2,18,39,128,130] to make antibiotic-resistant bacteria susceptible to the previously used antibiotics …”

In vitroactivity of phenothiazines and their combinations with amphotericin B against Zygomycetes causing rhinocerebral zygomycosis

“…However data on the antifungal activities of phenothiazines are available only from in vitro antifungal susceptibility tests of some yeasts [5,11,12]. In these investigations, the MICs of TFP and CPZ were found to be 10Á40 mg/ml and 15Á40 mg/ml, respectively [5,11].…”