Inhibitory Effects of Pectic Polysaccharide Isolated from Diospyros kaki Leaves on Tumor Cell Angiogenesis via VEGF and MMP-9 Regulation

Abstract

Persimmon leaves are an attractive source of phytochemicals with potential health benefits. However, there are only a few reports on the chemical properties and biological activity of the polysaccharide fractions (PLE-I–III) of persimmon leaves. We evaluated the angiogenesis-inhibiting ability of pectic-polysaccharides. The molecular weight of PLEs was determined using a high-performance size-exclusion chromatography system. Tube formation assay of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) was performed using Matrigel-coated 96-well plates. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), PI3K, Akt, and p38 phosphorylation levels were determined using Western blotting; VEGF and MMP-9 transcript levels were measured using SYBR Green qRT-PCR. PLE-I–III significantly inhibited HUVEC tube formation at 12.5 and 25 μg/mL. Among them, PLE-II showed the strongest anti-tube formation activity, and the mRNA/protein expression of angiogenesis-related factors (VEGF/MMP-9) was significantly reduced by PLE-II. PLE-II also suppressed the phosphorylation of PI3K/AKT and p38, JNK, and NF-κB p65 in HUVECs. These results suggest that the polysaccharide PLE-II isolated from persimmon leaves inhibited VEGF and MMP-9 expression in HUVECs via regulation of PI3K/AKT, p38, JNK, and NF-κB p65 signaling pathways.

Investigation of the effects of high cervical spinal cord electrical stimulation on improving neurological dysfunction and its potential mechanism in rats with traumatic brain injury

“…Vascular endothelial growth factor is a homodimeric growth factor that is structurally expressed in the brain. It is up-regulated during hypoxia and ischemia and is part of the adaptive response to protect tissue from injury [ 31 ]. In-vivo studies have shown that, after stroke, when VEGF is locally supplied by the lateral ventricle, it reduces the infarct scope, improves neurological deficits, and prevents delayed neuronal injury by inhibiting caspase-3 [ 32 ].…”

Inhibition of A549 Lung Cancer Cell Migration and Invasion by Ent-Caprolactin C via the Suppression of Transforming Growth Factor-β-Induced Epithelial—Mesenchymal Transition

“…The total protein amount was measured using a bicinchoninic acid assay, and the concentration of each sample was adjusted accordingly. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, protein transfer, and the membrane development were performed as described in previous reports [ 32 , 33 ]. The protein concentration was determined using the Pierce™ BCA Protein Assay Kit (Pierce, Rockford, IL, USA).…”

Persimmon Leaves: Nutritional, Pharmaceutical, and Industrial Potential—A Review

“…Polysaccharides of PL are mainly a group of hetero-polysaccharides, and the most common polysaccharides units are glucose, galactose, arabinose, mannose, and rhamnose. For example, Park et al [ 51 ] suggested that polysaccharide fraction I of PL is mainly composed of galactose (29.9%), galacturonic acid (16.7%), arabinose (17.8%), rhamnose (10.4%), and trace amounts of 3-deoxy-D-manno-2-octulosonic acid (KDO)-like materials (0.9%). Fraction II was composed of 27.2% acidic sugars (glucuronic acid and galacturnonic acid), 19.6% arabinose, 19.4% rhamnose, 13.6% galactose, and 9.6% KDO-like compounds, including 2-methyxylose (3.3%), 2-methylfucose (3.0%), and KDO (3.1%).…”