“…The particles and the matrix aluminium were assumed to be elastic and elasto-plastic, respectively. Young's moduli and Poisson ratios of the matrix and the particles and were set to be 69 GPa/0.33 and 105 GPa/ 0.34, respectively [22]. A true stress-true strain curve for the 2024 aluminium matrix was taken from the reference [23], which was fitted by the Ramberg-Osgood equation.…”