Initial Access, Mobility, and User-Centric Multi-Beam Operation in 5G New Radio

New Radio Beam-Based Access to Unlicensed Spectrum: Design Challenges and Solutions

“…The basic structure of NR initial access is similar to the corresponding functionality of LTE [8]: 1) there is a pair of DL signals, the Primary Synchronization Signal (PSS) and Secondary Synchronization Signal (SSS), that are used by the UE to find, synchronize to, and identify a network, 2) there is a DL Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) that carries a minimum amount of system information, which is transmitted together with the PSS/SSS and are jointly referred to as a SS/PBCH block in NR 5 , and 3) there is a four-stage RACH (Random Access Channel) procedure, that starts with the UL transmission of a random access preamble [35]. This section reviews the problems and solutions for SS/PBCH block design, RACH procedure, and paging, which comprise the key features of the initial access for NR-U.…”

“…The contention-based RACH procedure in NR has four steps [67, Sect. 8], [35]: UE transmits a Physical RACH (PRACH) preamble to gNB, gNB transmits the Random Access Response (RAR) to UE with the PUSCH resource allocation to send message 3, UE transmits message 3 over the allocated PUSCH resource, and then gNB transmits message 4 for contention resolution. Carrier sense must be performed at each step, and so the initial access procedure could be delayed if the channel is occupied at any step.…”

“…This paper is a tutorial about NR-U, that assumes some basic knowledge from the reader about NR. An overall description of NR can be found in [6], and key papers are [8], [34], [35]. Through this tutorial we refer the reader to specific sections of 3GPP NR technical specifications and reports when needed.…”

Low‐cost, low‐profile and miniaturized single‐plane antenna design for an Internet of Thing device applications operating in 5G, 4G, V2X, DSRC, WiFi 6 band, WLAN, and WiMAX communication systems

“…still need to work together with 5G mobile communication system and live in peace. The new spectrum is critical to the success of 5G terrestrial mobile service . It is expected that 5G services will cover a wide range of applications, which are generally categorized into enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra‐reliable and Low Latency Communications, and massive Machine Type Communications .…”

“…The new spectrum is critical to the success of 5G terrestrial mobile service. 2,3 It is expected that 5G services will cover a wide range of applications, which are generally categorized into enhanced Mobile Broadband, Ultra-reliable and Low Latency Communications, and massive Machine Type Communications. [4][5][6] The different physical properties of the spectrum (eg, range, penetration of structures, and propagation around obstructions) result in some applications being more suitable and expected to be deployed in certain spectrum ranges.…”