Initial assessment of imports of chlorinated paraffins into Nigeria and the need of improvement of the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions

Babayemi, Joshua O.; Nnorom, Innocent C.; Weber, Roland

doi:10.1016/j.emcon.2022.07.004

Cited by 8 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 36 publications

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“…In addition, imported long-term-use products may contain SCCPs, as reported by Guida et al (2022b) and McGrath et al (2021). Moreover, some studies have reported that imported products containing SCCPs played an important role in SCCP inventory in recent years (Babayemi et al, 2022;Guida et al, 2022a). Tong et al (2022) also suggested the importance of exporting toxic chemicals.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Homologue-based Estimations of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Emissions and Concentrations in Japan

Koshiba

NAGANO

Hirai

et al. 2023

EMCR

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Short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs) are persistent organic pollutants. In Japan, SCCPs are widely detected in the environment although the production and use of SCCPs have been banned. It is essential to estimate the amount and sources of SCCPs to implement countermeasures for SCCP emission. In this study, we estimated the emission and environmental concentrations of SCCP homologues in Japan from 1950 to 2050. Initially, the material flow of total SCCPs was estimated considering the material recycling process. The emission from each process during the entire life cycle of products containing SCCPs was estimated for each homologue. Volatilization factors of long-term-use products were specifically estimated from release factors and surface area, weight, and SCCP concentration of products containing SCCPs. The environmental concentrations were then estimated using the environmental fate model. In the material flow and emission estimation, parameter uncertainties, such as emission factors and SCCP application distribution, were considered, assuming each parameter follows a uniform distribution. The results of emission estimation suggested a decreasing trend of SCCP emission in recent years and continuation of this trend in the future. However, some emissions from long-term-use products may persist. In the future, products that have a long lifetime with closed-loop recycling, such as polyvinyl chloride wire-coating materials, are expected to significantly contribute to atmospheric emission. Moreover, recycled products may contain SCCPs. Based on the estimated concentration, the estimated water and sediment concentrations were within the range of the observed concentrations. Conversely, we could reduce the gap between the estimated and observed atmospheric SCCP concentrations compared with those in previous studies that did not consider the volatilization factor for each SCCP-containing product and material recycling process. However, a difference between the estimated and observed concentrations suggests that some unconsidered emission sources may exist that emit SCCPs into the atmosphere, such as SCCPs as impurities in medium-chain chlorinated paraffins, imported products containing SCCPs, and atmospheric advection from other countries. Hence, it is essential to calculate emissions from sources other than products that intentionally contain SCCPs produced in the past.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Homologue-based Estimations of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Emissions and Concentrations in Japan

Koshiba

NAGANO

Hirai

et al. 2023

EMCR

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“…Furthermore, specific custom codes should be adopted in the context of the harmonized system of the World Trade Organization for the foreign trade of CPs . Besides the implications for the Stockholm Convention implementation, the lack of such specific custom codes has also been highlighted as a main challenge for the implementation of the Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade . For products containing SCCPs, labeling would be needed to control products along the life cycle, including environmentally sound management in end of life, according to the Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal, and for protecting recycling cycles.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is essential to highlight that products and articles containing restricted SCCPs at concentrations ≥1% (w/w) should be considered as POPs according to the SCCP listing under the Stockholm Convention . However, the Cl content is the main factor driving CP production and use worldwide, and SCCP contents have been reported well above 1% (w/w) in technical CP mixtures. − Besides, CPs are mainly used as additives in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and in other synthetic polymers, such as rubber and polyurethane spray foam. ,, The broad use of such polymers exponentially increases the number of impacted consumer goods that can contribute to human and environmental exposures to CPs during usage and disposal. ,, Consequently, SCCP levels in human milk are currently the highest among all industrial POPs …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,17,18 The broad use of such polymers exponentially increases the number of impacted consumer goods that can contribute to human and environmental exposures to CPs during usage and disposal. 4,19,20 Consequently, SCCP levels in human milk are currently the highest among all industrial POPs. 21 Previous research on technical CP mixtures has predominantly focused on CPs produced in China, 13−16,22−24 but it did not specifically focus on homologue group contribution data.…”

Section: ■ Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Homologue Composition of Technical Chlorinated Paraffins Used in Several Countries over the Last 50 Years─SCCPs Are Still Out There

Guida,

Matsukami,

Oliveira de Carvalho

et al. 2023

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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“…It covers pesticides and industrial chemicals that have been banned or severely restricted for health or environmental reasons by Parties and which have been notified by Parties for inclusion in the PIC procedure. Nigeria is a Party to the Rotterdam Convention, having ratified it in 2001 (Babayemi et al, 2022). As a Party, Nigeria has designated National Authorities (DNAs) responsible for implementing the Convention's obligations, including import decisions, notification of regulatory actions, and information exchange (Rotterdam Convention, n.d.).…”

Section: Convention On Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution (Clrtap...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Addressing Heavy Metal Pollution in Nigeria: Evaluating Policies, Assessing Impacts, and Enhancing Remediation Strategies

Ogbeide,

Henry

2024

jasem

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Heavy metal pollution is a significant environmental concern in Nigeria, posing risks to ecological integrity and public health. This study aims to evaluate the existing policies and regulations addressing heavy metal pollution, assess their effectiveness, and propose recommendations for improvement. The analysis reveals that while Nigeria has established a robust legislative framework, challenges in implementation, enforcement, and funding persist. The impact of reducing heavy metal pollution is influenced by resource constraints, limited capacity, and the need for stronger collaboration between regulatory bodies and industries. Community involvement and education play a crucial role in managing heavy metal pollution, emphasizing the importance of awareness, sustainable practices, and local engagement. Remediation strategies, such as bioremediation and phytoremediation, offer potential solutions. However, gaps in knowledge and research exist, calling for long-term monitoring, ecological impact assessments, and comprehensive health risk assessments. To enhance the effectiveness of current policies, periodic reviews, increased funding, and community-based monitoring programs are recommended. By addressing these gaps and implementing the proposed recommendations, Nigeria can make significant strides towards mitigating heavy metal pollution and achieving environmental sustainability.

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Initial assessment of imports of chlorinated paraffins into Nigeria and the need of improvement of the Stockholm and Rotterdam Conventions

Cited by 8 publications

References 36 publications

Homologue-based Estimations of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Emissions and Concentrations in Japan

Homologue-based Estimations of Short-Chain Chlorinated Paraffin Emissions and Concentrations in Japan

Homologue Composition of Technical Chlorinated Paraffins Used in Several Countries over the Last 50 Years─SCCPs Are Still Out There

Addressing Heavy Metal Pollution in Nigeria: Evaluating Policies, Assessing Impacts, and Enhancing Remediation Strategies

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