“…In dynamic settings, Athey, Parashkevov, Sarukkai, and Xia (2016) emphasize the role of learning in agents' decisions to use Bitcoin absent stochastic platform productivity and user network externality; Biais, Bisière, Bouvard, Casamatta, and Menkveld (2018) emphasize the fundamental value of Bitcoin from transactional benefits; Fanti, Kogan, and Viswanath (2019) provide a valuation framework for Proof-of-Stake (PoS) payment systems; Goldstein, Gupta, and Sverchkov (2019) study initial token offerings that allow monopolistic platforms 4 Tokens in our model facilitate transactions. They should be distinguished from security tokens that represent claims on issuers' cashflows or rights to redeem products/services (e.g., Slice and Siafund tokens).…”