Initialization effect in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

Yong, Gao‐Chan; Gao, Yuan; Zuo, Wei; Zhang, Xun-Chao

doi:10.1103/physrevc.84.034609

Cited by 11 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 62 publications

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“…Figure 1 shows density distributions of protons and neutrons of nucleus 22 14 Si, which were given by Skyrme-Hartree-Fock with Skyrme M * force parameters [51]. The initializations of colliding nuclei do not evidently affect our results here [52]. Please note here that we do not study the effect of nucleonic distribution on the value of π − /π + because the values of nuclear symmetry energy around saturation density are still open.…”

Section: The Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nuclear symmetry energy and proton-rich reactions at intermediate energies

Yong

2011

Phys. Rev. C

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Based on an isospin-dependent Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck transport model, effects of high-density behavior of nuclear symmetry energy in the proton-rich reaction 22 Si + 22 Si at a beam energy of 400 MeV/nucleon are studied. It is found that the symmetry energy affects π + production more than π − . More interestingly, compared to neutron-rich reactions, for π − /π + and dense matter's N/Z ratios, effects of symmetry energy in the proton-rich reaction show contrary behaviors. The practical experiment by using the proton-rich reaction 22 Si + 40 Ca to study nuclear symmetry energy is also provided.

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Section: The Methodsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Nuclear symmetry energy and proton-rich reactions at intermediate energies

Yong

2011

Phys. Rev. C

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“…The initial configurations of projectile and target nuclei are expected to have considerable influences on the heavyion observables from transport simulations. For example, the uncertainties of the neutron skin thickness of initial nuclei may affect the neutron/proton yield ratio [198], the neutron-proton differential flow [199], the triton/ 3 He yield ratio [200], the π − /π + yield ratio [199,201], and other observables [202] related to the isospin dynamics in heavyion collisions. Generally, BUU-type codes use the initial density distribution from a Woods-Saxon parameterization, from a Skyrme-Hartree-Fock calculation [203], or from the Thomas-Fermi approximation [31,204].…”

Section: Initializationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transport approaches for the description of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

2019

Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics

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The transport approach is a useful tool to study dynamics of non-equilibrium systems. For heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies, where both the smooth nucleon potential and the hard-core nucleon-nucleon collision are important, the dynamics are properly described by two families of transport models, i.e., the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck approach and the quantum molecular dynamics approach. These transport models have been extensively used to extract valuable information of the nuclear equation of state, the nuclear symmetry energy, and microscopic nuclear interactions from intermediate-energy heavy-ion collision experiments. On the other hand, there do exist deviations on the predications and conclusions from different transport models. Efforts on the transport code evaluation project are devoted in order to understand the model dependence of transport simulations and well control the main ingredients, such as the initialization, the mean-field potential, the nucleon-nucleon collision, etc. A new era of accurately extracting nuclear interactions from transport model studies is foreseen. 2 from 50 MeV to 2 GeV, where the nucleon degree of freedom dominates the dynamics, and both the smooth nuclear potential and the hard-core nucleon-nucleon collisions become important. The central purpose of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions is to extract the equation of state (EOS) of the hot and dense nuclear matter formed during the collisions, while the uncertainties mostly come from the isospin-dependent part, i.e., the nuclear symmetry energy.In order to describe properly the dynamics of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions, transport approaches at this energy regime are mostly developed along two directions: the Boltzmann-Uehling-Uhlenbeck (BUU) approach and quantum molecular dynamics (QMD) approach. The BUU approach basically models the time evolution of the one-body phase-space distribution based on the BUU equation numerically using the test-particle method, and the QMD approach models the time evolution of nucleons under a many-body Hamiltonian with the wave function of each nucleon represented by a Gaussian wave packet. Both approaches can be derived from many-body theories with various approximations. Without nucleon-nucleon collisions, the BUU approach reduces to the Vlasov approach, which is similar to the TDHF approach. On the other hand, it is difficult to solve exactly the extended TDHF approach, which incorporates the collision contribution into the TDHF approach [3]. Both the BUU approach and the QMD approach include mainly three ingredients: the initialization of projectile and target nuclei, the mean-field potential for each nucleon, and the nucleon-nucleon collision in the dynamical evolution. The mean-field potential can be obtained from effective in-medium nucleon-nucleon interactions based on the Hartree or Hartree-Fock method, and in this way the microscopic nuclear interaction is related to the macroscopic nuclear EOS through the energy-density functional form.So far both the BUU appr...

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“…In addition to various entrance channels and model ingredients, the initialization of the nuclei in a transport model also affects the reaction dynamics [7][8][9][10]. The structural effects play crucial role on the low energy phenomena such as fission, fusion, cluster radioactivity, formation of super heavy nuclei etc.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structural Effects on the Peak Production of Fragments

Kaur¹,

Sood²

2015

Acta Phys. Pol. B

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We study the role of systematic reduction and enhancement in nuclear radius on the multiplicities of various fragments using the Isospindependent Quantum Molecular Dynamics (IQMD) model. We find that multiplicities of various fragments are sensitive towards change in nuclear radius. We also find that peak center-of-mass energy (E max cm ) and peak multiplicity of intermediate mass fragments ( N IMF max ) are sensitive towards the nuclear radius.

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Initialization effect in heavy-ion collisions at intermediate energies

Cited by 11 publications

References 62 publications

Nuclear symmetry energy and proton-rich reactions at intermediate energies

Nuclear symmetry energy and proton-rich reactions at intermediate energies

Transport approaches for the description of intermediate-energy heavy-ion collisions

Structural Effects on the Peak Production of Fragments

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