“…Bayesian optimization [6] , metaheuristics (e.g., particle swarm optimization, stochastic fractal search) [7] – [10] , [104] , [108] – [114] , neural networks [11] , [115] , [116] , and nonlinear curve-fitting based optimization methods [12] , [13] , [117] – [119] are some of the most popular approaches used to fit the model to the data and estimate the epidemiological parameters of the model, such as the reproduction number. In addition to forecasting COVID-19 cases, some studies considered additional aspects, such as the effect of different non-pharmaceutical intervention policies (social distancing and lockdown) and re-opening plans [101] , [114] , [120] – [127] . For example, Ghamizi et al [11] , in addition to predicting cases and deaths, also developed a model to search for optimal exit strategies - i.e., best policies to re-open from lockdown, while maintaining low infection rates.…”